Research Article
Can we enhance the Accuracy of Third Window Syndrome?
Esteban-Sánchez J, Sanz R and Martín-Sanz E*
Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Getafe, Spain
*Corresponding author: Eduardo Martin-Sanz, Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Getafe, Toledo km. 12500 28905 Getafe (Madrid), Spain
Published: 25 May, 2016
Cite this article as: Esteban-Sánchez J, Sanz R, MartínSanz
E. Can we enhance the Accuracy
of Third Window Syndrome?. Clin Surg.
2016; 1: 1018.
Abstract
Introduction: Minor described a syndrome characterized by auditory and vestibular symptoms
such as tinnitus, autophony and dizziness provoked by loud sounds or manipulation of auditory
external canal. Diagnosis is based in computed tomography to demonstrate a dehiscence of the
arcuate eminence. Recent studies show that there are radiological images of dehiscence of superior
semicircular canal (SSC) but surgical findings demonstrate a thin bone cover. Many authors
demonstrate that there are audiological and electrophysiological changes in VEMPs and EchoG in
patients with Third Window Syndrome (TWS), which could enhance the accuracy of the diagnosis.
Material and Methods: We present a retrospective study of 30 patients (39 affected ears) of
radiological dehiscence of the semicircular canal. 19 of them have clinical symptoms of TWS (clinical
cohort) and 20 have just radiological evidence of the dehiscence without clinical manifestations
(radiological cohort).
Both cohorts underwent a complete audiological and electrophysiological (cervical and ocular
VEMPs at 500 Hz and 1000 Hz and Electrocochleography (EchoG)) studies.
Results: Presence of cervical and ocular VEMPs, elicited with 500 and 1000 Hz, were significantly
greater in the clinical cohort than the radiological group. Thresholds of cVEMPs at 500 Hz and 1000
Hz and o-VEMPs at 1000 Hz are statistically significant lower in the clinical cohort. Amplitude
of c-VEMPs at 500 Hz were greater in clinical cohort than the radiological one. No significant
differences were found in the EchoG findings between both groups.
Conclusions: VEMPs results can help to make a better accuracy of TWS. EchoG can't differentiate
patients with TWS of those with only a radiological dehiscence.
Keywords: Vertigo; Third window syndrome; Superior semicircular canal; VEMPs; Extratympanic EchoG
Introduction
Minor et al. [1] in 1998 described the superior canal dehiscence (SCD) syndrome, a condition characterized by auditory and vestibular symptoms such as pulsatile tinnitus, autophony, and dizziness provoked by loud sounds or Valsalve maneuver. The presence of a SCD creates a third mobile window which allows sound or pressure-induced motion with attenuation of the perilymph flow in oval and round window [1]. The presence of this dehiscence and previously described symptoms make the diagnosis of third window syndrome (TWS). In order to diagnose SCD it is necessary to show a bony defect at the level of the arcuate eminence of the superior semicircular canal (SSC) on computed tomography (CT) [2]. Recent studies show better results using a multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) with a cone beam protocol, consisting in an oblique parasagittal view to demonstrate the entire course of the superior semicircular canal. If the diagnosis of TWS rests only on imaging tests we could misdiagnose some patients because MSCT tends to overestimate the rate and size of dehiscences [3]. It is relatively frecuent in other clinical scenarios to find a radiological dehiscence in tegmen antri, without surgical evidence of that finding [4], so prevalence of TWS in normal population is unknown. Several studies show a variable rate of dehiscence of temporal bone in cadaveric dissection from 0.7% to 8.5% [5]. To enhance the accuracy of the diagnosis, several electrophysiological tests are used to identify those patients with SCD. High sensitivity of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (c-VEMPs and o-VEMPs) to detect TWS has been reported by several authors [6,7]. These authors describe abnormal larger amplitude and lower thresholds in cVEMPs and oVEMPs. Furthermore lower thresholds at 1 and 2 kHZ are also described as characteristic of SCD. It is also well described that abnormalities of the cochlear summating potential (SP) are identified in inner ear disorders such as Menière's disease and perilymphatic fistula in electrocochleography (EcoG) [8]. These SP abnormalities reflect altered electrophysiologic and/or hydrodynamic function in the inner ear in patients with SCD. Several approaches are described to repair this third window and make a resurface of the bony dehiscence such as middle cranial fosa [9] or transmastoid approach [10]. To avoid the presence of three windows an obliteration of the round window [9] is also described with good clinical response. A complete normalization of both EchoG and VEMPs parameters after the occlusion of the third window is also described [11,12]. The potential complications of surgery makes mandatory to enhance the accuracy of the diagnosis and identify properly those patients with a real dehiscence of SSC.
Objectives
The aim of this study is to describe audiometric and electrophysiological findings (cervical and ocular VEMPs and EchoG) in patients with dehiscence of superior semicircular canal. Our hypothesis is that those patients with an isolated radiological dehiscence without clinical manifestations do not accomplish the TWS. To further improve accuracy we can use complementary audiovestibular tests like audiometry, VEMPs and EchoG.
Methods
This was a retrospective based cohort study. The subjects of this
study were outpatients who first came to our Oto-Neurology or
Otology Unit between January 2011 and September 2015. Patients
with symptoms and/or signs of conductive hypoacusis were derived
to the Otology Unit. Patients with conductive hypoacusis but with
any of the following symptoms such as auditory fluctuation, Tullio's
phenomenon, tinnitus, autophonia, or aural fullness were referred to
the Oto-Neurology Unit. In Otology Unit, all patients underwent a
complete clinical history, an audiometric test and after that a temporal
bone CT scan was performed to every patient with a conductive
hypoacusis. CT's technique followed predefined temporal bone
protocols including axial images and multislices images of parasagital
plane for the arcuate eminence and a 3D reconstruction model. Every
test was examinated by the same radiologist. Those patients of the
Otology Unit with a finding of dehiscence in the superior semicircular
canal, were selected and constitute the radiological cohort. In the
Oto-Neurology Unit, all patients underwent alike a complete clinical
history, a physical examination and a complete audiometric test.
Patients were asked about the occurrence of vertigo spells and every
auditory symptoms as previously described. CT scan was performed
to these patients with classical symptoms of TWS and a conductive
hypoacusis looking for a semicircular canal dehiscence following
the same protocol previously described. These patients constitute
the clinical cohort. Once CT scans were indicative of SCD, every
patient of both cohorts was re-evaluated and underwent a vestibular
test battery consisting in 500 Hz and 1000 Hz tone burst cervical
and ocular VEMPs, extratympanic EchoG and Tullio test.Patients
with inconsistent or incomplete results in any of the vestibular tests
performed were excluded.
Audiometry
Audiometry was performed in a soundproofed booth (IAC mini
250), and the findings were reported in pure-tone averages (PTAs),
which were computed by taking the average of the four frequencies
(0.5, 1, 2 and 3 kHz), and the speech discrimination score (SDS).
VEMPs
VEMPs was performed as previously reported by the authors
[13], using standard BERA equipment (SmartEP®
Intelligent Hearing Systems®). To record cervical VEMPs (cVEMPs), each subject was
tested while sitting down and turning their head away from the
stimulated ear to contract the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM).
The active electrode was placed on middle of the upper third of the
SCM and a reference electrode was placed on the chin. The ground
electrode was placed on the forehead. For the recording of ocular
VEMPs (oVEMPs), the subject was sitting down, looking maximally
upwards, with surface EMG electrodes. For each eye the active
recording electrode was placed 1cm below the centre of each lower
eyelid. The reference and ground electrode were placed on the chin
and forehead, respectively. Acoustic stimuli were presented through
inserted earphones. Acoustic stimuli were both 500 and 1000Hz tone
bursts presented five times/second. The rise-plateau-fall time was
1-2-1. VEMP threshold and response amplitude were measured at a
stimulus of 100, 90, 80, 70 and 60 dB HL. The EMG from each side
was amplified and band pass filtered (10 Hz to 1.5 kHz). Results from
200 repetitions in each ear were averaged. The peak to peak amplitude
(µV) was measured for P13-N23 potentials. Complete absence of a
response was considered if a response could not be determined
above the noise floor. To estimate the relative response in both ears,
we used the Interaural Difference (IAD) ratio, calculated as: (right
ear amplitude - left ear amplitude) ÷ (right ear amplitude + left ear
amplitude) × 100.In our laboratory, we interpreted the VEMP results
based on the absolute value of the IAD ratio from 35 normal subjects.
The results revealed a mean±SD IAD ratio of 18.66%±8.12%. A
cVEMP a response was defined as abnormal when absent for only the
affected ear or when the IAD ratio exceeded 50%.
EchoG
Extratympanic EcohG was performed together with audiometry
and was performed by the same audiologist for all patients. The
test was performed as previously reported by the authors [14], in
an electrically and acoustically shielded room with the patient in
the supine position. Electrocochleography was performed with
standard BERA equipment (SmartEP®
Intelligent Hearing Systems®)
with a silver wire electrode sheathed with a polyethylene tube with
a hydrogel tip (Lilly TM-Wick electrode®) placed on the tympanic
membrane. Monaural stimuli consisting of alternating polarity clicks
(99-dB normal hearing level) presented at a rate of 8.1 per second
were used. Responses were averaged for 1,000 stimuli using a 10-ms
time base. The evoked potential activity was band pass filtered from
5 to 1,500 Hz. The click-evoked SP amplitude was defined as the
difference in the amplitude between pre-stimulus baseline and the
first dip, and the AP amplitude was measured from the baseline to the
first negative peak. After the identification of both points, the SP/AP
ratio was calculated. The 95% upper limit for the baseline SP/AP ratio
obtained from the normal control group in a previous study [14] was
0.50. Therefore, in this study, an SP/AP ratio of 0.50 or greater was
considered indicative of endolymphatic hydrops.
Tullio phenomenon
For the of Tullio phenomenon testing, an audiometry was
performed with the same soundproofed (IAC mini 250). Both ears
were stimulated at 100 dB in 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 Hz frequencies,
while an analysis of the oculomotor responses was performed with
Frenzel glasses. Simptomatic response to this stimuli and the presence
of a nystagmus was considered as a positive Tullio test.
Figure 1
Table 1
Table 2
Table 2
Results of presence, threshold and amplitude of cervical and ocular VEMPs with a tone bust stimuli at 500 Hz and 1000Hz.
Results
30 patients (39 affected ears) were included in the present study.
19 patients were included in the clinical cohort and 20 patients in the
radiological cohort. Demographic data are represented in Table 1. The
affected ear in clinical cohort was right and left sided in 9 and 10 cases
respectively, with a mean age of 53 years (40-74). Sex distribution was
38, 5% men and 61,5% women. Mean follow up was 6, 8±1.6 years. In
radiological cohort the affected ear was the right one in 10 cases and
left one in another 10 cases. Mean age of 64 years (50-75) with 60%
men and 40% women. Mean of follow up was 5,7±1,5 years.
Clinical results
As shown in Figure 1, in the radiological cohort, 50% of tinnitus
and a 10% of patients had autophonia and same percentage for Tullio
phenomenon. None of them had vertigo or dizziness, aural fullness
and neither positive fistula test. In contrast, clinical cohort had
a 84,6 % of presence of tinnitus, 76,9% of presence of autophonia,
69,2% of aural fullness, 53,8% of vertigo. Is founded a 38, 5% of
Tullio phenomenon and 30, 8% of fistula sign in complementary
examination.
Audiometric results
Mean air-conducted PTA in clinical cohort was 27, 02±10,45dB
and air-conducted PTA in radiological cohort was 38, 75±14,15 dB.
No significant statistical differences were observed (p=0,29). Mean
bone-conducted PTA in clinical cohort was 18, 27±10,68dB and
bone-conducted PTA in radiological cohort was 30, 45±10, 95 dB.
Significant statistical differences were observed (p=0,012) with a
lower bone conduction threshold in clinical cohort.
VEMPs results
VEMPs results are shown in Table 2. In the clinical cohort a 100%
and 85% of patients of 500 Hz tone burst cVEMPs and oVEMPs,
respectively had an identifiable record in the clinical cohort. Similar
results for VEMPs at 1000 Hz, with a rate of 100% for cervical and
85% for ocular VEMPs. In the radiological cohort, rates of 30 and 10%
respectively for cVEMPs and oVEMPs were found at 500 Hz, and 20
and 10% respectively for cervical and ocular VEMPs at 1000 Hz. The
presence of both cervical and ocular VEMPs were significantly lower
(p <0.05) in the radiological cohort. The 500 Hz cVEMPs thresholds
were significantly lower (p=0,034) in the clinical cohort patients with
a mean of 75±13, 42 dB, compared to radiological cohort 92, 5±9, 57.
No statistical significant differences (p=0,14) were observed in the
500 Hz oVEMPs thresholds between both clinical cohort (81, 67±11,
1dB) and radiological cohort (100±10,2dB). Similar significant
differences were observed in 1000 Hz cVEMPs thresholds with a
mean of 75, 71±10,89 dB in clinical cohort compared with 95±7,07dB
in radiological cohort (p=0,030). Results of 1000 Hz oVEMPs
thresholds also show significant differences between clinical cohort
(77, 55±8,66dB) and radiological cohort 100±1,20 dB (p=0,031).
Significant differences (p=0,034). Were observed in the analysis of
the amplitude of the 500 Hz cVEMPs at 100 dB in clinical cohort (4,
93± 6, 97µV) compared to the radiological cohort (0, 52 ±0, 24 µV).
Analysis of the 500 Hz oVEMPs amplitude 2,95±1,63 vs. 0,4±0,05 and
1000 Hz cVEMPs 1,76±0,66 vs. 0,78±0,32 did not show any significant
difference between both cohorts (p=0.051 and 0.056, respectively).
Echog results
As seen in Figure 1, no statistically significant differences were
observed (p=0,34), when the mean SP/AP ratio in clinical cohort
(0,42±0,06) was compared to the radiological cohort (0,34±0,03).
There are 4 patients (21%) in clinical cohort with a SP/AP ratio over 0,
5 and only 1 patient (5%) in radiological cohort. This is the limit in our
laboratory considered as normal like we described before in material
and methods. Although SP/AP ratio is nearly normal, this result in
both cohorts is greater than normal population with no radiological
dehiscence. These results are shown in previous publications of these
authors.
Conclusions
Only de presence of a SCD is not enough to make a diagnosis
of a TWS.
- To make a diagnosis of a third window syndrome are necessary clinical manifestations
- Electrophysiological test like cervical and ocular VEMPs at 500 Hz and 1000 Hz can help us to make a better accuracy of this syndrome to not overestimate the rate of this pathology.
- EchoG does not allow us to differenciate those patients with a real TWS of those with only a radiological dehiscence
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