Research Article
Compression Therapy may not be Necessary after Endovenous Ablation Therapy for the Treatment of Varicose Veins
Angela A. Kokkosis1* and Harry Schanzer2
1Department of Vascular Surgery, Stony Brook University Medical Center, USA
*Corresponding author: Angela A. Kokkosis, Department of Vascular Surgery, Stony Brook University Medical Center, HSC T19- 090, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
Published: 27 Oct, 2017
Cite this article as: Kokkosis AA, Schanzer H. Compression
Therapy may not be Necessary after
Endovenous Ablation Therapy for the
Treatment of Varicose Veins. Clin Surg.
2017; 2: 1700.
Abstract
Objective: Compression therapy is routinely used after endovenous saphenous ablation therapy
(EVA) for the treatment of varicose veins. The rationale for compression therapy is enhancement
of vein closure and prevention of superficial thrombophlebitis (STP) and deep thrombophlebitis
(DVT). A very common patient complaint postoperatively is the discomfort elicited by the
compression. The present work aims to determine whether compression therapy is necessary as an
adjunct to EVA.
Methods: A total of 108 consecutive lower extremities in 96 patients were treated with EVA. Fortynine
of the treated extremities had postoperative compression, 59 did not. All patients had duplex
evaluation at one week following EVA and then were clinically evaluated at one and three months.
Primary end points were status of the treated vein, presence or absence of STP or deep venous
thrombosis, and degree of varicose vein resolution.
Results: There was no difference between compression and no-compression groups in sex (68.8%
vs. 67.3% female), age (59 vs. 56), CEAP class (C2-C3, 88% vs. 92%; C4-C5, 12% vs. 8%), extent and
size of varicose veins (Classes I-II: < 6 mm diameter, 57% vs. 66%; Classes III-IV: >6 mm diameter,
43% vs. 34%), type of vein treated ( GSV 84% vs. 71% , SSV 8% vs. 17%, accessory 8% vs. 12%) and
operative variables. There was a 96% follow-up rate at 1 week, 4 saphenous veins in the compression
group remained open (p=0.0395). Three patients in the compression group and 0 patients in the
no-compression group had STP. One patient in the compression group had thrombus extension
up to the saphenofemoral junction. At one month both groups had the same rate of varicose vein
regression and need for secondary procedures.
Conclusion: Compression therapy does not add any further benefit to EVA and therefore
consideration should be given to eliminating it, thus simplifying and improving the postoperative
recovery.
Keywords: Compression therapy; Varicose veins; Chronic venous disease; EVLT; Endovenous
ablation
Introduction
Compression therapy is routinely used by most practitioners after endovenous saphenous ablation (EVA) for the enhancement of vein closure and prevention of superficial thrombophlebitis (STP) and deep thrombophlebitis (DVT). Several prior studies evaluated the effect of a prolonged course of compression therapy after EVA or open surgery, and demonstrated no significant differences in procedure outcomes, or complications [1-4]. With regards to whether there was improvement in postoperative pain, there were conflicting results [1-4]. The present work aims to prospectively determine whether compression therapy is necessary as an adjunct to EVA.
Methods
Symptomatic patients to be treated with endovenous ablation of the great, small, or anterior
accessory saphenous vein from January 2013-October 2014 were prospectively recruited for this
study in a non-randomized fashion. The protocol and informed consent were approved by the
Mount Sinai School of Medicine Institutional Review Board. Venous disease descriptors were based on currently established terminologies [5], and the diagnosis and treatment of the patients with chronic venous disease included in
this study follows the published current Society for Vascular Surgery/
American Venous Forum Clinical Practice Guidelines [6-7]. All
patients were evaluated with Duplex ultrasound preoperatively and
were found to have reflux of the axial vein (reversal of flow induced
by distal compression with the patient in standing position >0.5 sec).
Each patient’s chronic venous insufficiency status was classified using
the clinical component of the CEAP classification; C0-no varicose
veins, C1-telangiectasias and reticular veins, C2-varicose veins,
C3-edema, C4-skin changes, C5-healed ulcer, and C6-active ulcer.
Inclusion criteria for this study were symptomatic patients with C2-
C5 venous disease and GSV reflux >0.5 sec. Extent and size of varicose
veins was classified based on a previously defined scale [8]: Class I ≤6
mm and localized to thigh or leg, Class II ≤6 mm and involving thigh
and leg (extensive), Class III >6 mm and localized to the thigh or leg,
and Class IV >6 mm and extensive.
Exclusion criteria were C6 venous disease, prior surgery, history
of superficial venous thrombosis, deep venous thrombosis or
pulmonary embolism, history of radiation, history of trauma, current
pregnancy, or age < 18 years.
Endovenous ablation procedure
Details of our technique and follow-up have been previously
described [9]. The laser EVA procedure was performed in an office
setting, on an ambulatory basis, under local-tumescence anesthesia
without sedation. Access to the vein was obtained at the lowest point
of reflux, using a percutaneous technique. A 600 nm laser fiber was
used with an 810-nm diode laser generator set at 14 Watts, continuous
mode.
Compression therapy
Following the procedure, the extremity was wrapped with an
elastic bandage which was left in place for 1 day. Patients in the
compression group were instructed to remove the bandage the next
day and place a 20 mmHg to 30 mmHg thigh-high compressions
stocking to be worn daily for one week. The no-compression group
discontinued compression therapy after the initial wrap was removed.
Normal activity was encouraged and avoidance of vigorous exercise
involving the lower extremities for one week was recommended.
Ibuprofen (400 mg every 8 hr) was prescribed for pain control for
one week.
Follow-up
Patients were seen one week after the procedure. At that time, a
Duplex ultrasound test was performed to assess for successful closure
of the treated vein and to rule out the extension of thrombus into the
deep vein (DVT). At one month, patients were examined again, and
the status of their varicose veins was evaluated visually by the treating
surgeon. Objective comparisons were made between pre-procedure
and one-month post-procedure using grid/semi-quantification
photographs, as previously described [8]. The degree of varicose vein
resolution was categorized as no improvement, partial improvement,
and complete improvement (Figure 1).
Recorded parameters>
These included age, sex, size and extent of varicosities (class I-IV),
and diameter and length (patient supine) of axial vein to be treated.
End points
Primary endpoints were: 1) closure of the saphenous vein at 1
week, 2) the degree of visible varicose vein resolution at one-month
post-EVA, 3) presence or absence of STP, and 4) presence or absence
of DVT.
Statistics
All continuous data are presented as mean values, and categorical
values as counts or percentages. Statistical analysis included twotailed
Fisher exact test for calculation of P values for categorical
values (P >0.05 was significant). A two-tailed Student t-test was used
to calculate P values for all continuous variables.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Results
A total of 96 patients and 108 consecutive limbs were included
in the study. There were 67 females (67%), and the mean age was 58
years old (29-86). There was no difference between compression and
no-compression groups in sex (68.8% vs. 67.3% female), age(59 vs.
56), CEAP class (C2-C3, 88% vs. 92%; C4-C5, 12% vs. 8%), extent
of varicose veins(Classes I-II: <6 mm, 57% vs. 66%; Classes III-IV:
>6 mm, 43% vs. 34%), type of vein treated ( GSV 84% vs. 71% , SSV
8% vs. 17%, accessory 8% vs. 12%) or operative variables (Table 1).
Additionally there was no significant difference in the diameter or
length of the treated veins between the compression groups versus
the no-compression group (Table 2).
There was a 96% follow-up rate at 1week. Four saphenous veins
in the compression group remained open (p=0.0395). Three patients
in the compression group and no patients in the no-compression group had STP. One patient in the compression group had thrombus
extension up to the saphenofemoral junction (Table 3).
At one month both groups had the same rate of varicose
vein regression and need for secondary procedures (Table 4).
There was no significant difference in the number of patients who
decided to undergo secondary interventions (phlebectomies and/
or sclerotherapy), when it was recommended, 52.1% (12/23) in the
“compression” group versus 44.8% (13/29) in the “no compression”
group, P=0.78.
At 3 months, all patients who followed up had complete resolution
of their varicose veins regardless of compression therapy: 19 patients
in the compression group, and 14 in the no compression group.
Table 1
Table 1
Table 3
Discussion
Compression therapy is widely used as an adjunct to endovenous
ablation for the treatment of varicose veins. In our experience
however, post-operative compression is a major source of patient
complaints. The present study strongly suggests that this addition to
EVA therapy does not add any further benefit with respect to varicose
vein resolution, saphenous vein closure or incidence of superficial
or deep phlebitis. Similar findings were reported by Bakker et al.
in a prospective randomized control trial containing a total of 69
patients [1]. They concluded that clinical results and complications
were similar whether the stockings were worn for 2 days or 7 days.
A contradictory finding in our study was that 4 saphenous veins in
3 patients remained open at 1-week post EVA in the compression
group, however all saphenous veins were closed in the no compression
group. Further analysis of these patients does not clearly explain
this finding. Two patients had C2 venous disease with class III-IV
varicose veins, and the third patient had C4 venous disease with class
II varicose veins; in comparison to the cohort the clinical severity
does not deviate. Additionally the diameters of the treated saphenous
veins (0.42 cm - 1.2 cm) are comparable to the range (0.24 cm - 1.68
cm) and average (0.67 cm) of the diameters within the cohort.
A recently published article by Elderman et al. [11] studied the
effect of compression therapy use after laser ablation on postoperative
pain. In this report, two groups were randomized into the use or no
use of elastic stockings for two weeks after ablation, and the result was
a very moderate decrease in post-operative pain in the compression
group. We did not evaluate this parameter in our study, but it is our
clinical impression that the effect on postoperative pain reduction is
if anything minimal and greatly overshadowed by the discomfort and
inconvenience elicited by the use of compression therapy, i.e. elastic
bandages or compression stockings.
An important limitation of this study is the lack of randomization.
The initial intent of this research was to randomize, but upon giving
informed consent and stating the possible risks of not using postprocedure
compression i.e. incomplete closure of the treated vein,
increased risk of SVT or DVT, incomplete varicose vein regression; it
became very difficult to recruit patients into the no-compression arm
of the study. We therefore desisted randomization and performed
the study as it is been reported here. Moving forward, the current
non-randomized data makes it more feasible to randomize future
patients as it demonstrates that no compression does not increase
risk of DVT, SVT, or incomplete venous closure. Furthermore, the
determination of whether patients were entered into the compression
or no compression was performed by the operating surgeon at the
time of the procedure, and thus could be a source of selection bias.
Finally, no objective quality of life assessment was utilized in this
study.
In conclusion, the present study strongly suggests that
compression therapy does not add any further benefit to endovenous
ablation in terms of saphenous vein closure, incidence of SVT, DVT or
varicose vein regression. Since compression is a major postoperative complaint, consideration should be given to eliminating it, thus
simplifying and improving the postoperative recovery. For a more
definitive answer to this issue, a larger, prospective randomized study
with quality of life assessment is needed.
Table 4
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