Case Report
What is it: Malignant or Benign?
Frances J Lagana1* and Kristine M Cornejo2
1Departments of Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
2Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
*Corresponding author: Frances J Lagana, Department of Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 55 Lake Avenue North Worcester, MA 01655, USA
Published: 22 May, 2017
Cite this article as: Lagana FJ, Cornejo KM. What is it:
Malignant or Benign?. Clin Surg. 2017;
2: 1479.
Abstract
This case report is given to illustrate the extreme anatomical soft tissue aberrations that can occur secondary to a long standing wound and the methods used in diagnosing and ultimately treating this very unusual presentation.
Introduction
This 40 year old gentleman presented to an outpatient podiatric clinic as a direct referral
from the wound care center housed in the same level 1 trauma facility in western Massachusetts.
His past medical history was positive for adult onset diabetes mellitus, utilizing insulin, with
poor glycemic control, stage 3 kidney diseases and peripheral neuropathy. In addition to these
underlying co morbidities and the reason for his referral, was a long standing, non healing wound
at the site of amputation of the first ray on the left foot. The surgery had been performed by a
general surgeon 10 months prior to his first visit in the podiatric clinic and was a result of a non
healing area and subsequent osteomyelitis that required the amputation. Initial evaluation of
the area was met with concern regarding its presentation and resection of tissue through biopsy
revealed a verrucous carcinoma. This uncommon, low grade squamous cell variant was successfully
treated and obliterated through a combination of open excision and Moh’s surgery [1]. Through
this process, the patient required a semi-weight bearing status and towards the conclusion of his
healing developed a Charcot arthropathy of the contralateral foot [2]. This presented a difficult
dilemma as treatment was now aimed at immobilizing the right foot in hopes of rendering the
Charcot quiescent as quickly as possible and avoiding a plantar ulceration. Total contact casting
(TCC) was employed immediately for the right limb, however, due to the non compliant nature of
the patient, the cast broke down and a plantar ulceration occurred quite quickly [3]. The ulceration,
Wagner Grade 2 in nature was relatively small, measuring approximately 1.5 × 1.5 x .3 cm in size
and was centrally located on the plantar aspect of the right foot [4]. In an effort to close this area in
a timely fashion, the patient was referred to the plastics department for the consideration of a split
thickness skin graft for closure and coverage and to avert potential debilitating complications. While
contraindications to this application include donor morbidity site and impaired healing as the result
of diabetes, the consideration of the level of complicating factors with a bilateral wound issue in this
particular patient, the choice was felt to be acceptable [5].
Unfortunately, while the patient had followed up as requested and a STSG as well as Strayer
procedure for a contracted Achilles was performed, he returned back to the podiatric clinic 3 years
later with the following presentation (Figure 1).
Case Presentation
This exuberant soft tissue mass clinically measured approximately 6 × 5 × 5 cm in size, was
highly malodorous and had undermining both at the medial and proximal aspects of the foot. It
was situated at the intermetatarsal and tarsal metatarsal regions plantarly. It was non painful to
the patient. Radiographs showed shadowing of the mass only without any bony erosional changes
or defects suggestive of osteomyelitis. An MRI revealed measurements of 7.5 × 6.6 × 5.6 cm in size
with a lateral fluid mass measuring 2 × 2.2 × 1.4 cm and a hypo intense tubular structure measuring
2.9 × 0.5 cm in size. An MRI performed of the same area approximately 1 year previous showed a
centimeter growth of the mass in all parameters. No osseous destruction was noted in either MRI
(Figure 2).
The medical disciplines of Orthopedic Oncology, Pathology and Infectious Disease were
contacted for assessment and differential diagnosis. The immediate concern, based on the size of
the mass, was for malignancy. Because of the friable nature of the mass, attempts to punch or shave biopsy was not performed as true deep tissue evaluation was not thought to be possible or would provide accurate assessment. A fine
needle aspiration (FNA) was performed and below is a picture of that
procedure (Figure 3).
The aspirate was unsuccessful as abundant blood was noted
immediately with attempted collection. A radiographic ultrasound
was performed with concern regarding a vascular etiology as a source
in the development of the mass, but proved unsuccessful due to the
inability to compress the mass upon examination. The collaborative
assessment by the medical disciplines involved, while clearly grasping
the need for accurate tissue evaluation to provide guidance in
ultimate treatment and possible reconstruction, was debated as to
the method in which to derive that information. Ultimately, the main
consensus was to consider a below the knee amputation as the best
choice in this individual. If the mass was determined to be malignant,
then a BKA was imminent and the surgical difficulty in removing the
mass may in fact encounter vascular structures creating such gross
embarrassment to the foot, that non viability was possible. The author
felt that attempted removal of the mass was a reasonable risk to assess
for the possibility of malignancy and that the long term prognosis for
an individual of this nature with a BKA was poor [6]. After exhaustive
preparation and fact finding, the patient was taken to surgery for
removal of the mass. The ultimate dimensions were 10 × 11 × 4 cm
in size (Figure 4).
Figure 1
Figure 1
Clinical preoperative photographs displaying the size and height of
the mass-like Deformity.
Figure 2
Figure 1
MRI preoperative revealing sagittal and coronal images illustrating
confines of the mass as well as infiltrate and tuberous projection.
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 4
Intraoperative photos illustrating the method in which the mass was
dissected from the foot, the ultimate size of deficit and its location on the foot
and the size en toto of the mass removed.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Histological photos mass-forming scar-lesion a,b) Macroscopic
image revealing 8.3 x 6.5 x 4.2 cm tan pink firm granular well circumscribed
mass with a 5.5 x 5.5 cm resection margin c) Sectioning reveals a tan-white,
focally yellow, glistening and whorled surface.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Mass-forming scar like lesion. a) Low b) medium power views
revealing an ulcerated skin surface with underlying inflamed veracious
fibrovascular tissue and scar (H and E stain, 20X and 100X).
Results and Discussion
The pathology results from this surgical excision were reviewed by numerous members of the hospital involved and were eventually sent to a soft tissue expert in the Boston area. While that individual was unable to classify or categorize the mass he described it as “inflamed fibrovascular granulation tissues along with extensive scarring in the deeper tissues with no atypia, pleomorophism or concern for malignancy.” The immunohistochemical studies of cells were negative for SMA, beta-catenin, CD34, Pancytokeratin (OSCAR), design, EMA and S100. There were no clonal cytogenetic aberrations. A Gram stain revealed mixed cocci and bacilli and a PAS, GMS, AFB and Fite stain were negative for fungal and mycobacterial organisms [7]. Histological evaluation of the mass is displayed in Figure 5 and 6. Approximately 5 months following excision of the mass, once all cultures from the wound were negative for bacteria and negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) was able to minimize the size and depth of the wound, a STSG was performed by the plastics department and subsequently healed without deficit. Below is a photograph of the graft soon after application (Figure 7). The consideration for bony reconstruction of this Charcot foot at some time in the future is a potential intervention, however, currently the patient is ambulating without limitation or pain in a CROW walker and is pleased with the outcome [8].
Figure 7
Figure 7
Split thickness skin graft harvested from the lateral left thigh
approximately 3 weeks following graft application with good viable tissue
noted upon examination.
Conclusion
Unusual situations occur in medicine and present challenges to practitioners on a daily basis. The value of this case is multifold. It presented an atypical and grossly uncommon anatomic variation that implored the attending physician to exhaust every medical discipline available for consultation and every medical diagnostic modality, as well. The consensus was varied and favored amputation. Ultimately, the decision to remove the mass was based on 30 years of practice experience and the acknowledgment of the grave prognosis of diabetics with limb amputations. The attempts to diagnose and treat a difficult problem were undertaken in the hopes of saving a limb and a life.
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