Editorial
Expanding the Knowledge and Experience for Breast Surgical Oncology Fellowships
Lillie D Shockney*
Department of Breast Cancer, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
*Corresponding author: Lillie D Shockney, Department of Breast Cancer, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
Published: 04 May, 2017
Cite this article as: Shockney LD. Expanding the
Knowledge and Experience for Breast
Surgical Oncology Fellowships. Clin
Surg. 2017; 2: 1461.
Editorial
Traditionally, breast surgical oncology fellowships have provided a well-rounded, comprehensive
exposure and experience to virtually all aspects of breast health and breast cancer diagnosis and
treatment. Fellows, no matter where their fellowship experience takes place, have had quality time
spent in the operating room with breast surgeons, with plastic surgeons, accompanying medical
oncology for consultations, witnessing decision making about radiation therapy needs, observing the
genetics discussions, and learning about how pathology determines a diagnosis and the prognostic
factors of a tumor. There is hopefully also time spent with nurse navigators, palliative care specialists,
and administration to provide what would be considered the ideal fellowship training content.
Five years ago, the author made a conscious decision to include a new element to our breast
surgical oncology fellowship training program here. The author required that the fellow attend one
of our two metastatic breast cancer retreats. This unique program, which launched a decade ago,
brings together stage 4 breast cancer patients and their primary family caregiver person, for a 3
day/2 night event. Many of these patients are quite ill. Half come from Johns Hopkins Medicine
cancer centers and half come from elsewhere around the country.(I felt it was important to open
our doors and enable those getting treatment elsewhere so they too experience this program, and
return to their oncology team back home and share their experiences. We want to see these types of
programs happening across the country, and not just in Maryland.) We limit the number of patients
to twelve, resulting in twenty-four people attending. It draws all ages, all races and ethnicities, all
tumor types-from triple negative to occult primary tumors. Most had treatment for their original
breast cancer several years prior to their bodies declaring they have metastatic disease, and there are
always a few that are more than a decade out from early stage ER+/HER- disease, now dealing with
stage 4 breast cancer. They are free to attend, funded by grants and philanthropy.
There are two retreats a year: one of for couples so the patient brings their spouse or partner; the
other is for women not in a relationship so she brings her primary female caregiver which usually
is her mother, sister, daughter or in some cases even a best friend. These people are all anxious to
network with others in the same situation they find themselves. Husbands want to talk privately
with other spouses, thirsty for information about how to cope, getting confirmation that what they
are each experiencing are normal thought processes. Patients want to know about what lies in their
future-the good and the bad. What no one knows coming into this retreat, is that by the end of the
third day, everyone will be well on their way to creating an end of life plan that will provide them a
sense of control while living with great uncertainty.
So why would the author consider it important for a breast surgical oncology fellow to observe
this type of retreat? After all, the fellow has had adequate time with medical oncology to observe
decision making about the next line of therapy. Due to time constraints in a clinic setting as well as
oftentimes the lack of comfort a physician has in discussing end of life, fellows don’t get to experience
and learn from patients what their real issues are they are dealing with. Here are some of the learning
lessons that our fellows have experienced by being observers at these programs:
The author Want to Have Surgery: One patient said that she was diagnosed from the beginning
with stage 4 breast cancer. Though she was scheduled for a lumpectomy, her staging work up
performed preoperative confirmed that she has metastatic disease in her bones and liver. She had
ER+ disease. She initially had chemotherapy to treat the liver lesions and then went on hormonal
therapy. She was doing well, still working full time, and asked her medical oncologist, “I would
like to have my lumpectomy now.”Her oncologist’s response was, “It’s not part of treatment for
stage 4 breast cancer.” She didn’t discuss it anymore with her treating physician but raised this desire among those attending the retreat. The author asked her “WHY” she wanted to have a lumpectomy and her response, which
her one oncologist had never asked, was important to know. She
said that she showered every morning and could feel the tumor in
her breast. She knew that having a lumpectomy was not part of her
treatment and was not going to necessarily make her live longer but
she wanted the surgery done so she could take a shower with pleasure
rather than feeling anxious. She knew her blood levels were currently
normal, and her lungs were fine. So this request was for the purpose
of improving her quality of life. Her doctor was focused on systemic
treatment however. The result? She was schooled how to revisit this
conversation with her oncologist and get a referralback to the breast
surgeon who was supposed to do her lumpectomy originally. The
surgery was done without any complications and she was “happier.”
He Want Reconstruction: Another patient said that she had had
a modified radical mastectomy, chemotherapy, and 2 years later was
diagnosed with stage 4 breast cancers in her bones, lungs and liver.
She was 3 years out from her metastatic diagnosis. She had attempted
to discuss with her medical oncologist her desire to have implants put
in on top of her pectoralis muscle so that when she died she would die
“feeling whole.” She said her oncologist told her that this “really didn’t
need to be done” and that she “would be fine with breast prosthesis as
she currently was wearing.” She didn’t discuss it any further with her
doctor. This remained a hope of hers however. The author arranged
for her to see a plastic surgeon at Hopkins and have her case also
presented at our weekly breast cancer tumor board. Though she was
not a Hopkins patient she was local to this geographic area. The result?
She did have her reconstructive surgery performed and she was very
happy that she would die with her silhouette whole, as she desired.
I want to know how many more treatment options the author
have: This is a common statement made by patients attending these
retreats. When they get brave enough to ask their doctor, commonly
the response is, “there isn’t a need to discuss that yet. We will talk
about that at another time.” However the patient wants to talk about
it and deserves the opportunity to have some concrete answers. This
is the only way a patient and her family can plan for the future. Is
she receiving currently treatment option number 5 out of 15 options
or treatment option number 5 out of 7 options? Again, time is spent
educating patients how to remain assertive for themselves and how
to word their questions and statements so that their questions get
answered rather than tabled.
I am worried the author won’t be able to afford the treatment
the author need: As drug costs get much higher and copayments
and deductibles increase too, patients are very worried about the
out of pocket expenses they will incur to be able to continue their
treatments. Family members are quick to tell the patient to “not
worry about it” but the patient does worry and frankly the family
should worry too. Leaving tens of thousands of debt for the family to
pay after the patient has died can result in sibling rivalry, bankruptcy,
anger, and confusion. A family member may have thought that this
next treatment was the magic bullet because they doctor said he
“was hopeful the tumor will respond to their new treatment.” People
confuse the word “respond” with “cure.” And though it is sad that
healthcare economics needs to be a big part of the treatment planning
discussion, it is nonetheless a reality that it must be discussed so no
one has false hope as well as no one is blindsided by the balance of the
bill they receive that can be hundreds of thousands of dollars.
One of the most profound sessions we hold at the retreat
which occurs on day 2 is to divide the patient from their loved one,
sending them into two different rooms with the following question
to be discussed: Of everything that lies ahead, what is your greatest
fear? Nearly all patients are frightened of the possibility of being in
intractable pain and no way to get relief from it. Anxiety about losing
their dignity due to dependence on others for basic needs. For those
with children, they are very upset that they won’t “be here” to raise their
children, instill their values in their kids, provide motherly love and
advice, be present for their children’s milestone moments-birthdays,
driver’s license, graduation, getting married, even when their child
gives birth to their own child twenty years from now. Spouses in the
other room are also talking about children and that they don’t feel
they can adequately raise their children themselves. Some will even
say that they told their wife that she can’t die and leave him with this
burden (as if she has control over her future.) Female caregivers talk
about fearing that they are not getting all the information they need
from their loved one to prepare for her end of life. They believe that
the patient isn’t being open and honest about how she feels as well as
what her latest scans showed, and what we learn when we come back
together in a group again is the these concerns are all valid. There are
solutions for them however, and that is what we focus on as a group.
We discuss hospice for pain management and preservation of quality
of life as well as dying with dignity. We talk about the importance
of maintaining honesty with their loved ones so that those who are
caregivers will be better prepared to support the patient through
to the end of her life. Then we talk about children… We provide at
the retreat boxes and boxes of cards for patients to select for their
children that cover every milestone that will lie ahead. The patients
take these cards home to write in them what they want their children
to know on that specific milestone day. The children continue to
receive their mother’s advice, her undying love, and can still instill
her values in her children long after she is gone. (It is heartfelt for me
to be contacted by children who now are grown and hear their stories
about opening a card from their mother on their wedding day, seeing
her handwriting, and reading her love and hopes for their daughter’s
marriage. In some ways, these women, long deceased, may be doing a
better job of rearing their children from the grave than many parents
do who are here on this earth.)
Another key element of these discussions is having everyone
understand what the elements are that comprise a good death
experience. They include:
Knowing your purpose for living and it was valued by at least one
other person
Being pain free
Dying with dignity and in the environment of your own choosing
Knowing she will be spoken of fondly after she is gone
Giving forgiveness and receiving forgiveness
Leaving no financial debt associated her cancer care or treatment
Leaving a legacy (which is not related to leaving money)
Feeling a spiritual connection to a higher power
Having all legal and financial affairs in order
The breast surgical oncology fellow comes away with a new
understanding and appreciation for the issues that patients forced
to deal with stage 4 breast cancers are wrestling with. The fellow alsonow sees her role and responsibility in supporting a patient who
desires surgery and may never have the opportunity to discuss it
with a doctor. There also is new found knowledge is observing how
to give bad news, how to preserve life goals that exist in the future
(like “being there” for their daughter’s wedding two decades from
now). The fellow learns about the healthcare economics that directly
impacts the patient and her family, and the need to factor in drug
costs with the decision making about what treatments to try. Last
but not least, the realization that breast cancer impacts everyone who
loves and cares about the patient.
Below is a link to a short video from one of these retreats.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bg02G2a7uHo
(If not able to click on the link go to www.youtube.com and type
in “metastatic breast cancer retreat” and click on the person wearing
the pink shirt).
Though we are each members of a multidisciplinary team,
after physician training is done and we are working with a breast
surgical oncology group, it can be difficult to see beyond the phase
of treatment (surgery) that we are responsible for managing. Once
a patient has been diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer she no
longer sees a surgeon. Period having fellows observe a metastatic
breast cancer patient retreat opens their eyes to the importance of
always remembering the patient will need patient centered care
until the day she dies. And toward the end of her life she may still
psychologically benefit from the expertise of a breast surgeon.