Research Article
Pancreatic Transection with Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator versus Electrocautery in Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Prevention of Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula
Yasuyuki Suzuki1*, Keiichi Okano1, Shinichi Yachida1, Minoru Ohshima1, Hirotaka Kashiwagi1, Naoki Yamamoto1, Shintaro Akamoto1, Masao Fujiwara1, Hisashi Usuki1, Hideki Kamada2, Hirohito Mori2 and Tsutomu Masaki2
1Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kagawa University, Japan
2Department of Gastroenterology, Kagawa University, Japan
*Corresponding author: Yasuyuki Suzuki, Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
Published: 28 Dec, 2016
Cite this article as: Suzuki Y, Okano K, Yachida S,
Ohshima M, Kashiwagi H, Yamamoto
N, et al. Pancreatic Transection
with Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical
Aspirator versus Electrocautery
in Pancreaticoduodenectomy for
Prevention of Postoperative Pancreatic
Fistula. Clin Surg. 2016; 1: 1271.
Abstract
Background: Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) still remains a major cause of morbidity after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD).
Methods: This study enrolled only patients with a soft pancreas and compared two pancreatic
transection devices, Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) (group I, n=28) and electrocautery
(group II, n=27), for the purpose of POPF prevention. We combined each transection technique
with inner duct reconstruction with a stent and outer full-thickness pancreas-to-seromuscular
jejunal anastomosis.
Results: The incidence of Grade B POPF was lower in group I (21% versus 37%) but did not differ
significantly. Grade C POPF and failure of the duct reconstruction were not observed in this series.
Drain amylase levels higher than 5,000 IU/L on POD 1 and higher than 1,000 IU/L and 2,000 IU/L on
POD 3 were significantly less common in group I (P=0.01 and P=0.04). Conclusion; Postoperative
leak of pancreatic juice was more effectively controlled by the CUSA transection although clinical
POPF incidence did not reduce significantly.
Keywords: CUSA, Pancreatic transaction; Pancreatic fistula; Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Introduction
Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) still remains a major cause of morbidity after
pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). A variety of pancreatic reconstruction techniques have been
recommended to reduce POPF, including duct-to-mucosa anastomosis with or without a
stent [1-3], pancreatic invagination anastomosis [4,5], binding pancreaticojejunostomy [6],
pancreatogastrostomy [7], and so on. However, there have been a few studies that evaluate beneficial
effect of pancreatic transection technique on POPF prevention [8,9].
So far, we have advocated the use of Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) for pancreatic
transection in PD from a viewpoint of POPF prevention. CUSA dissects pancreatic parenchyma
and exposes nonparenchymal structures including branch pancreatic ducts and small blood
vessels, which can be ligated and divided in sequence. In our previous one-arm studies, pancreatic
parenchyma was not sutured to the jejunum [5,10]. Meanwhile, in Japan, close approximation of
pancreatic cut surface to the jejunum by placing 4 or 5 large stitches of non-absorbable sutures
(Kakita’s procedure) [11] following the inner pancreatic duct anastomosis has been a stable and
popular reconstruction procedure in recent years. This is the first study to compare two pancreatic
transection devices, CUSA and electrocautery, combined with a Japan standard reconstruction
procedure.
Patients and Methods
Informed consent was obtained from the patients and approval was obtained from the designated
review board of the institution involved.
A total of 55 consecutive patients with a soft pancreas
undergoing Whipple procedure (n=18) or pylorus-preserving
pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD, n=37) for a variety of
periampullary diseases were enrolled in this study. The patient
characteristics and Perioperative variables are shown in (Table 1).
Twenty-eight consecutive patients underwent surgery between June
2007 and March 2010 (group I) and subsequent 27 between April
2010 and December 2011 (group II) in Kagawa University Hospital.
In group I, the pancreas was transected with a CUSA (CUSA
systemTM, Cooper Medical Devices Corp., Mountainview, CA, USA)
at the lowest vibration level. During the transection, pancreatic
parenchyma was dissected and suctioned, and nonparenchymal
thread-like structures including branch pancreatic ducts and small
blood vessels were ligated with 4-0 silk sutures and divided [5]. The
main pancreatic duct was cut with a scissors. In contrast, in group II,
we used an electrocautery to divide the pancreatic parenchyma and
finally a scissors to cut the main pancreatic duct with the surroundings.
Subsequently, we performed duct-to-mucosa anastomosis usually
with 8 5-0 polydioxanone sutures (PDS-II®, Ethicon, Johnson and
Johnson, Co., USA) or duct-invagination anastomosis [5], both with a
4 Fr internal stent (Suikan tube®, Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd, Tokyo,
Japan) inserted into the pancreatic duct. Then, it was followed by
placing 4 or 5 full thickness pancreas-to-seromuscular jejunal stitches
of 3-0 polypropylene sutures (Prolene®, Ethicon, Johnson and Johnson
Co., USA) to approximate pancreatic cut surface closely to the jejunal
wall (Kakita’s procedure) [11]. The all pancreases in this series were
estimated intraoperatively to have soft texture by attending surgeons.
Main pancreatic duct diameter was measured with an intraoperative
ultrasonography and did not differ significantly between the groups
(2.71±1.83 mm and 2.44±1.81 mm in groups I and II, respectively).
The small duct (≤ 3 mm) was seen in 22 and 21 patients in groups
I and II, respectively. The reconstructions of the bile duct and the
stomach or proximal duodenum were completed according to the
Child’s procedures. Two closed suction drains were placed in the
anterior and posterior vicinities of the pancreaticojejunostomy. The
same team of three senior surgeons carried out all 55 PDs in this
series. Estimated blood loss and operation time were not different
between the groups.
Perioperative management
A prophylactic intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotic was
started intraoperatively, followed by the same antibiotic every 12 h for
up to postoperative day (POD) 3. Once an infective complication was
detected, an antibiotic that was sensitive to the cultured pathogen was
selected and administered. Prophylactic octreotide and erythromycin
lactobionate were not routinely used in this series. Early enteral
nutrition was routinely started on POD 2 or 3 until patients resumed
sufficient oral diet. An oral diet was started typically between POD 4
and POD 6 after the first sign of bowel activity was detected. Drain
amylase levels were determined in all patients on POD 1, POD 3,
and occasionally on POD 5. The POPF was diagnosed based on the
ISGPF definition and classification [12]. In this study, only grades B
and C POPF was included in postoperative complications as clinically
relevant POPF, although grade C was not detected in this series.
Once POPF was diagnosed, the treatment consisted of appropriate
drainage through an intraoperatively placed drain or image-guided
percutaneous drain, administration of sensitive antibiotics and
occasional use of octreotide.
Statistical analyses
Continuous data were expressed as mean±SD (range) or median
(range) and were compared using the Student’s t-test. The chi-square
test or the Fisher exact test was used as appropriate for analysis of
categorical variables. Statistical significance was defined as P< 0.05.
Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS® version 14.02 (SPSS,
Chicago, Illinois, USA) software.
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Results
Postoperative outcomes are summarized in (Table 2). One patient with underlying interstitial pneumonitis was complicated with rapidly progressive respiratory failure from POD 3 and eventually died on POD 23. The mortality rate was 1.8% but not associated with POPF in this series. The overall morbidity rates were 57% and 41% in groups I and II, respectively (P=0.22). Grade B POPF occurred in 6 (21%) and 10 (37%) patients but grade C POPF was not diagnosed. Failure of the duct reconstruction was not observed in this series. The incidence of POPF was lower in group I but did not differ significantly between the groups (P=0.2). Then, we analyzed drain amylase levels (higher ones in two drains placed intraoperatively) in POD 1 and POD 3 (Table 3) and the large variations were observed in the levels among the patients. However, drain amylase level higher than 5,000 IU/L on POD 1 was significantly less common in group I compared to group II (50% and 81% in groups I and II, respectively, P=0.01). In addition, on POD 3, patients with drain amylase levels higher than 1,000 IU/L and 2,000 IU/L were less frequently seen in group I than group II (P=0.04). From these results, postoperative leak of pancreatic juice was more effectively controlled by CUSA transection of the pancreas.Postoperative outcomes are summarized in (Table 2). One patient with underlying interstitial pneumonitis was complicated with rapidly progressive respiratory failure from POD 3 and eventually died on POD 23. The mortality rate was 1.8% but not associated with POPF in this series. The overall morbidity rates were 57% and 41% in groups I and II, respectively (P=0.22). Grade B POPF occurred in 6 (21%) and 10 (37%) patients but grade C POPF was not diagnosed. Failure of the duct reconstruction was not observed in this series. The incidence of POPF was lower in group I but did not differ significantly between the groups (P=0.2). Then, we analyzed drain amylase levels (higher ones in two drains placed intraoperatively) in POD 1 and POD 3 (Table 3) and the large variations were observed in the levels among the patients. However, drain amylase level higher than 5,000 IU/L on POD 1 was significantly less common in group I compared to group II (50% and 81% in groups I and II, respectively, P=0.01). In addition, on POD 3, patients with drain amylase levels higher than 1,000 IU/L and 2,000 IU/L were less frequently seen in group I than group II (P=0.04). From these results, postoperative leak of pancreatic juice was more effectively controlled by CUSA transection of the pancreas.
Discussion
POPF is still the most common and occasionally life-threatening
complication after PD, especially for soft pancreas. To reduce POPF,
a variety of surgical techniques have been introduced but the gold
standard has not yet been established. Therefore, continuous efforts
to develop and evaluate the new surgical techniques remain to be
important. In this study, we enrolled only patients with a soft pancreas
undergoing PD. As a number of literatures demonstrated, the gland
with hard texture rarely results in POPF [10,13]. In fact, no clinically
significant POPF developed in patients with a hard pancreas in our
entire series of PDs, which were performed during the same period of
this study. Although apparent incidences of clinically relevant POPF
increase, assessment of surgical techniques could be more clearly
done in a series of soft pancreas that carries a risk of POPF.
Mortality after PD has decreased below 5% in high-volume centers
in these two decades [14] and the majority of patients with POPF can
recently be managed conservatively with either maintenance of oral
diet or parenteral nutrition until its closure [15]. From these data,
it is postulated that failure in the main pancreatic duct anastomosis
decreased with recent advances in surgical techniques and materials,
especially in experienced centers. Clinically relevant POPFs that
occur in recent years seem to originate mostly from branch pancreatic
ducts open on the cut surface of the pancreas. Even small amount
of pancreatic leakage can develop to clinically relevant grade B or
C POPF if not well drained and infected. Thus, complete closure of
branch pancreatic ducts could further reduce the rate of clinically
relevant POPF.
So far, we have advocated the use of CUSA for pancreatic
transection in PD in an attempt to close all visible branch pancreatic
ducts [5,10]. CUSA dissects pancreatic parenchyma and exposes
nonparenchymal structure including branch pancreatic ducts and
small blood vessels, which can be ligated and divided in sequence.
However, complete closure of all tiny ducts is technically demanding
and unlikely always possible. Additionally, the CUSA transection
requires 20-30 minutes. In the mean times, an outer full thickness
pancreas-to-seromuscular jejunal anastomosis by placing 4 to 5
large stitches of non-absorbable sutures (Kakita’s procedure) [11]
following inner duct anastomosis has been a widely accepted or
standard reconstruction method in Japan. Kakita’s procedure is
simple, not technically demanding, and also aims to reduce pancreatic
leakage from branch pancreatic ducts. Pancreatic transections with a
CUSA combined with the subsequent reconstruction with Kakita’s
technique are expected to close the branch ducts more securely. This
study is the first comparative study of pancreatic transection devices,
CUSA and electrocautery, combined with a Japan standard outer
reconstruction procedure.
Neither grade C POPF nor death associated with POPF was seen
in this series. Grade B POPF occurred in 21% and 37% in groups I
and II, respectively. The clinically relevant POPF was more frequently
seen in group II, but POPF rates as well as morbidity rates did not
significantly differ between both pancreatic transection techniques.
In contrast, there was a significant tendency that CUSA reduced
amount of pancreatic juice leak on PODs 1 and 3 based on drain
amylase analyses. Drain amylase levels on POD 1 were reported
to be a predictor of subsequent development of POPF. Molinari E
and colleagues demonstrated in 137 patients undergoing major
pancreatic resections that drain amylase value in POD1 > or =5000
U/L is the significant predictive factor of PF development [16].
A recent publication based on Japan multicenter data collection
reported that drain amylase level on POD 1 >4,000 IU/L were the
significant predictive factors for clinical pancreatic fistula [17]. In
this series, drain amylase level higher than 5,000 IU/L on POD 1 was
significantly less common in group I compared to group II (50% and
81% in groups I and II, respectively, P=0.01).
Early after PD for soft and otherwise normal pancreas, drain
fluid showed amylase level much higher than that in the serum in
almost all cases. Another possible route of pancreatic leak is along
the threads placed to approximate pancreatic cut surface to the
jejunum. Although this leak may be inevitable, it usually lasts for only
a few days. We consider that reducing the volume and duration of
pancreatic leak is important to minimize drain infection occasion.
From the results of this study, pancreatic transection with CUSA and
reconstruction with Kakita’s procedure could close branch pancreatic
ducts more securely and control postoperative leak of pancreatic juice
more effectively, although clinical POPF rates did not significantly
differ. We acknowledge that the present study has several limitations.
The study design is retrospective and the number of patients is not
large. A randomized study is needed to clarify a clinically relevant
advantage of CUSA.
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