Research Article
Does Upfront Therapy with Cytoreductive Surgery and Hipec Confer a Survival Benefit in Patients with Synchronous Gastric Peritoneal Carcinomatosis when Compared with Patients with Metachronous Gastric Peritoneal Carcinomatosis?
Kopanakis N1*, Vasileiadou D1, Efstathiou E1, Manou V1, Ziras N2 and Spiliotis J1
1Department of Surgical Oncology, Metaxa Cancer Hospital, Athens
2Department of Oncology, Metaxa Cancer Hospital, Athens
*Corresponding author: Kopanakis N, Department Of Surgical Oncology, Metaxa Cancer Hospital, Athens
Published: 06 Dec, 2016
Cite this article as: Kopanakis N, Vasileiadou D, Efstathiou
E, Manou V, Ziras N, Spiliotis J. Does
Upfront Therapy with Cytoreductive
Surgery and Hipec Confer a Survival
Benefit in Patients with Synchronous
Gastric Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
when Compared with Patients with
Metachronous Gastric Peritoneal
Carcinomatosis?. Clin Surg. 2016; 1:
1228.
Abstract
Background: Patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) of gastric origin have an extremely bad prognosis with a median survival estimate at 1–3 months. Peritoneal carcinomatosis is present at the
diagnosis in 5-20% of the patients, and almost 60% of them will present it after curative treatment.
Peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric cancer (GPC) responds poorly to systemic chemotherapy.
We studied the efficacy of the upfront treatment with cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and HIPEC in
patients with synchronous gastric peritoneal carcinomatosis and in patients with metachronous
gastric peritoneal carcinomatosis.
Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 14 patients with GPC undergoing CRS/HIPEC the last 10
years. Six patients already presented GPC at the time of the diagnosis and eight of them presented
metachronous GPC.
Results: CRS/HIPEC was performed for synchronous GPC in 6 patients and metachronous GPC in
8 patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curves demonstrated that survival times between two groups were
not statistically different.
Conclusion: Upfront treatment with CRS/HIPEC doesn’t seem to confer a survival benefit in
patients with synchronous gastric peritoneal carcinomatosis.
Keywords: Gastric cancer; Peritoneal carcinomatosis; HIPEC; Upfront therapy
Introduction
Gastric cancer (GC) remains the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide, accounting
for 8% of the total cases and 10% of total deaths in 2008 [1]. The five-year survival rate is ~25%
for all stages [2]. Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) occurs synchronous with the primary tumor in
about 14%-43% of patients with GC and accounts for 35% of all synchronous metastasis3 and it is
considered a terminal stage of disease.
Surgery remains the curative treatment of choice for stomach cancer and the main reason
for treatment failure is peritoneal recurrence which, according to the literature, occurs in 40 to
60% of cases, despite extensive surgery including D2 lymph node dissection [4]. Only 40% of GC
deaths have hepatic metastases, while in 53–60% disease evolves through PC [5]. While systemic
chemotherapy has shown to marginally improve the survival after curative surgery in GC, it has not
shown to significantly lower the rate of distant metastases, including peritoneal recurrence [6] or
change the patterns of recurrence [7].
Since MAGIC, FNCLCC and FFCD trials publication [8-9], systemic perioperative chemotherapy
is recommended for the curative treatment of stomach cancer in Europe. In these studies the 5-year
survival rate was 36% and 38% respectively in the experimental arm, compared to 23% and 24%
respectively in the control arm with surgery alone.
The most important component of treatment failure is cancer dissemination within the
haematogenous dissemination, peritoneal spread should be regarded
as a loco-regional disease extension rather than systemic metastasis
[10]. The poor response of PC to systemic chemotherapy is mainly
due to the presence of the “plasma-peritoneal barrier” which isolates
the peritoneal cavity from the effects of intravenous chemotherapy.
Furthermore, the poor intra-peritoneal blood supply and oxygenation
of cancer cells and the low apoptotic potential of such hypoxic tumor
cells are also thought to be responsible for the poor response to
chemotherapy [11].
The rational for a regional perfusion is that local administration
of chemotherapy in the peritoneum increases the local effects of the
drugs and reduces the systemic toxicity [5]. When chemotherapy
treatment is associated with hyperthermia, the loco-regional effects
are considerably extended, with an increased penetration up to 3–6
mm into malignant nodules and an increased antimitotic effect.
Hyperthermia increases the effects of antitumoral drugs, especially
of oxaliplatin, mitomycin C, doxorubicin, cisplatin, paclitaxel, and
irinotecan, also increasing the chemosensitivity of neoplastic cells
[12]. Drugs absorbed through the peritoneum enter the portal vein,
and also have a chemotherapeutic effect on the liver [13]
The HIPEC technique is increasingly used in the curative
treatment of primary and digestive peritoneal carcinomatosis, in
association with cytoreductive surgery. A growing number of authors
have been investigating this procedure and start to test the technique
in more aggressive tumours like gastric cancer.
Image 1
Image 1
Log-rank test, H0: S1(t) = S2(t).
H1: S1(t) ≠ S2(t), where S1(t) and S2(t) is the Survival function for patients with Metachronous and Synchronous respectively. p-value= 0.17.
Image 2
Image 2
Log-rank test, H0: S1(t) = S2(t).
H1: S1(t) ≠ S2(t), where S1(t) and S2(t) is the Survival function for patients with Metachronous and Synchronous respectively. p-value= 0.463.
Patients and Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 14 patients with GPC undergoing
CRS/HIPEC the last 10 years. Six patients already presented GPC
at the time of the diagnosis (group A) and eight of them presented
metachronous GPC (group B).
Synchronous peritoneal disease was preoperatively diagnosed
with CT and MRI. Patients were informed and consented to be treated
with extended cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC. Patients of group B
were treated initially with gastrectomy in our and in others centers.
They all received adjuvant systemic chemotherapy after surgery. The
diagnosis of peritoneal recurrence was again made by CT scan and
MRI.
All patients were offered a complete cytoreduction and 90
minutes of HIPEC with cis-platinum (50mgr/m2) and doxorubicine
(50 mgr/m2)
All patients were offered a complete cytoreduction and 90
minutes of HIPEC with cis-platinum (50mgr/m2) and doxorubicine
(50 mgr/m2)
Morbidity and mortality were similar in both groups and patients
were followed-up for 4 years.
Results
Patient’s demographics were similar in both groups and morbidity
and mortality were not statistically different between groups.
We analyzed the results in both groups in terms of long term
survival and disease free survival. Kaplan-Meier survival curves
(Image 1 and 2) demonstrated that survival times between two groups
were not statistically different.
The upfront treatment with cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC
didn’t seem to confer a survival benefit to patients with synchronous
peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric cancer.
Discussion
The percentage of patients with gastric cancer who presents
with synchronous peritoneal carcinomatosis varies from 14% to
43% according to literature. Peritoneal recurrence after curative
surgery is seen in 10%-46% of patients [3,14]. Recent studies show
that peritoneal dissemination is more frequent than hematogenous
metastases. Only 40% of deaths from gastric cancer have hepatic
metastases, while in 53–60% disease evolves through PC [5].
While systemic chemotherapy has shown to marginally improve
the survival after curative surgery in gastric cancer, it hasn’t shown to
significantly lower the rate of distant metastases, including peritoneal
recurrence [9,15].
The need for new methods of preventing and treating PC from
GC was obvious. Furthermore, the belief that PC is more of a locoregional
than a systemic disease has led to a resurgence of interest in
regional therapies like cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic
intra-peritoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) [7].
Fujimoto et al. [16] in 1988 was the first to report the use of
CRS and HIPEC in patients with gastric cancer and peritoneal
carcinomatosis. Out of 15 patients, 9 had synchronous PC. They
were all offered extensive resection of the disease and HIPEC with
mitomycin C. The median survival at the time of the report was
7.2±4.6 mo. They concluded that extensive surgery with IPHP was a
safe and well tolerated treatment for GCPC.
In 1996, Yonemura et al. [17], for the first time, reported a 5 year
survival of 11% in a group of 83 patients who underwent cytoreductive
surgery with HIPEC. Glehen et al. [18] reported a prospective study
of 49 patients of GC with PC from the same institution. In 51% of
the patients, the cytoreduction was either complete or the size of the
residual nodules were < 5 mm. The overall median survival was 10.3
mo and the 5-year survival rates was 16%. A complete cytoreduction
(CCR0) and a smaller volume of tumor were associated with a better
survival. In patients who underwent a CCR 0/1 resection, the 5-year
survival was 29.4% and the median survival was 21.3 mo.
A multi-institutional study from 15 centres in France and Belgium
23publicated a large series of CRS and HIPEC in 159 patients. The 5
year survival was 13% and median survival was 9.2 mo.
Yang et al. [19] from China published a randomized phase 3 study
of CRS and HIPEC in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from
gastric cancer. He enrolled 68 patients that received CRS and HIPEC
either CRS alone. The 3-year survival in the CRS with HIPEC arm
was 5.9% compared to 0% in the CRS alone arm. CRS with HIPEC
was associated with a significantly higher median survival compared
to CRS alone (11 mo vs. 6.5 mo, P = 0.04). The authors concluded that
compared to CRS alone, CRS with HIPEC is likely to increase survival
by 2.6 times.
Various factors have been reported to be associated with a good
outcome following CRS and HIPEC for GCPC. Completeness of
cytoreduction [18 and 20] seems to be the most important one. The extent
of peritoneal carcinomatosis, the presence of preoperative ascites, the
response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the institution where
the procedure is done are other independent prognostic factors
[18,20,21]. Furthermore Yang [19] has reported that synchronous
peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric cancer is an independent
predictor for better survival after CRS and HIPEC.
In our study we tried to verify if Yang’s experience was
reproducible in the western world. Even if both groups’ characteristics
were similar to each other, in terms of PCI index and CC score, nonstatistically
difference in overall survival and disease free survival was
reported. Tumors different biologic behavior and genetic factors may
play an important role for these different results between eastern and
western world.
More patients need to be enrolled in our study in order to be able
to report safe conclusions about the necessity of CRS and HIPEC
as upfront therapy in gastric cancer with synchronous peritoneal
carcinomatosis.
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