Research Article
Surgical Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux in Kidney Transplant Patients with Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infection: A Single Institution Review of 123 Patients
Sachin Patil1, Sturt Geffner1,2, Harry Sun1,2 and Matthew Whang2*
1Department of Surgery, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, USA
2Division of Urology, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, USA
*Corresponding author: Mathew Whang, Division of Urology, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Urology Group of New Jersey (UGNJ), 1001 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA
Published: 24 Oct, 2016
Cite this article as: Patil S, Geffner S, Sun H, Whang M.
Surgical Treatment of Vesicoureteral
Reflux in Kidney Transplant Patients
with Symptomatic Urinary Tract
Infection: A Single Institution Review of
123 Patients. Clin Surg. 2016; 1: 1160.
Abstract
Introduction: Renal transplant patients are at a higher risk for urinary tract infections and
vesicoureteral reflux is a well-known risk factor for recurrent urinary tract infections. The exact
incidence of vesicoureteral reflux is difficult to determine in renal transplant patients because
routine VCUG (voiding cystourethrogram) is not performed. Majority of patients with VUR
(Vesicoureteral reflux) are asymptomatic, however those patients with recurrent symptomatic
UTI tend to have higher grade of VUR. We have experienced a 3% symptomatic reflux rate in
our transplant patients and have performed reconstructive surgery on a majority of them. Because
there is a paucity of published data regarding success rate of such reconstructive surgery, we have
reviewed our data.
This study represents the largest dataset looking into outcomes following corrective surgery for
VUR in renal transplant patients with recurrent symptomatic UTI.
Patient and Methods: Demographic and Clinical data on all the renal transplant patients with recurrent symptomatic UTI who had undergone corrective surgery for VUR was abstracted (July 1993 to December 2014). The benefit of the surgical correction of VUR was assessed by follow-up urine culture and sensitivity. Standard statistical methods were used for data analysis.
Results: A total of 123 patients who had under gone corrective surgery for VUR associated symptomatic UTI formed the study group. The mean age of the patients was 44.6±14.4 years with Male: Female ratio of 1: 2.5. Majority of the patients (71.5%) underwent a uretero-ureterostomy using the ipsilateral native ureter with an end to end anastomosis, 15.4% of patients underwent a uretero-ureterostomy using the ipsilateral native ureter with an end to side anastomosis, 8.9% of patients underwent a uretero-neocystostomy using the Politano-Leadbetter technique due to an absence of a suitable ipsilateral native ureter, 3.3% of patients underwent a uretero-neocystostomy using the Lich-Gregoir technique and 0.8% of patients underwent a uretero-pyelostomy using the ipsilateral native ureter. Overall cure from symptomatic UTI was observed in 95.1% of patients. There were no procedure related complications, however there was graft loss noted in 4.9% (N=6) of patients due to allograft rejection. There was one mortality due to an unrelated cause.
Conclusion: Corrective surgery for VUR associated with recurrent symptomatic UTI in renal
transplant patients is a highly effective option. The surgeon should investigate the availability of the
ipsilateral ureter as it is critical for success of the operation.
Keywords: VUR; Recurrent UTI; Renal transplant recipients
Introduction
Renal transplant patients are at a higher risk for urinary tract infections and vesicoureteral
reflux is a well-known risk factor, especially for recurrent urinary tract infections [1]. Vesicoureteral
reflux occurs in 2-86% of renal transplant patients [2-6]. The exact incidence of vesicoureteral reflux
is difficult to determine as most patients are not routinely subjected to a voiding cystourethrogram
(VCUG). In fact, a VCUG is usually ordered when a patient has recurrent urinary tract infections
(UTI) [6-7]. Vesicoureteral reflux is graded based on International Reflux Study Committee Scale
[8]. Many believe that low grade reflux has no effect on the long term outcome of renal allograft;
however, those patients with high grade reflux especially with recurrent symptomatic UTI come
under scrutiny [7]. It is an ongoing debate as to whether reflux in
these patients is clinically significant. Some surgeons feel that the
anti-reflux reimplantation techniques are unnecessary and may lead
to increased risk of ureteral obstruction [9-10].
We have previously published our experience with urologic
complications in over 2500 kidney transplants [6]. We have observed
a 3% incidence of clinically significant vesicoureteral reflux in
these patients. These patients have been treated in a variety of ways
including antibiotic suppression, Deflux injection and reconstructive
surgery. Deflux has not been successful and most of our patients
undergo reconstructive surgery. Our goal was to review our actual
success rate defined as resolution of symptomatic UTI’s after a
reconstructive operation.
Patients and Methods
A retrospective review was performed on all patients with
recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) following renal transplant
between July 1, 1993 and December 31, 2014 at the Saint Barnabas
Health Care System. According to our institutional policy all renal
transplant patients routinely received urine analysis at every office visit.
Patients with positive urine culture (with colony count of >105 CFU/
ml) and fever (>38°C) or positive blood culture (with colony count of
>105 CFU/ml) formed the symptomatic UTI group. Asymptomatic
group was formed by patients with positive urine culture in the
absence of fever and positive blood cultures. These patients were
further evaluated with voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) followed
by cystoscopy and retrograde pyelogram. International Reflux Study
Committee Scale was used to grade vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) [8].
All patients with recurrent symptomatic UTI with VUR (at least three
episodes of in a year) were given the options of antibiotic suppression,
Deflux injection or reconstructive surgery. For those who chose
surgery, the vesicoureteral reflux was corrected by any of the following
three methods including uretero-ureterostomy (UU), ureteroneocystostomy
(UNC) or ureteropyelostomy (UPL) depending on
the availability or lack of a suitable ipsilateral native ureter. The UU
was created end to end or end to side fashion using the ipsilateral
native ureter. However, the UNC was created using the Politano-
Leadbetter or Lich-Gregoir fashion if there was no suitable ipsilateral
native ureter and UPL was created using the ipsilateral native ureter
if transplant ureter was too short to reach the bladder or the native
ureter. Demographic and clinical data was abstracted including age,
gender, type of renal transplant (Living donor, Deceased donor),
type of surgical correction for VUR, post intervention follow-up data
including urine c/s results. Persistent UTI after corrective surgery
was defined as positive urine culture (>100,000 CFU) on at least
three consecutive urine cultures with or without associated with fever
(>38°C) and positive blood cultures (>105 CFU/ml).
Saint Barnabas Health Care System is one of the busy renal
transplant centers, third largest in the US for living donor renal
transplant. All the renal transplants are performed by two fellowship
trained transplant surgeons and majority of ureteral reimplantations
are performed by one transplant urologist. The transplant urologist
kept a detailed record of all urologic complications on these
patients as he treated them. Between July 1993 and June 1994, the
ureteroneocystostomy (UNC) was performed using the Politano-
Leadbetter technique without routine use of a ureteral stent. Since
July 1994, the Lich-Gregoir technique was adopted with a routine use
of an indwelling ureteral stent.
Table 1
Table 1
Demographic and clinical characteristics of 123 patients with vesicoureteral associated recurrent UTI undergoing corrective surgery.
Results
We have performed 3,452 renal transplants during the study period, of which 123(3.6%) patients formed the study group. The mean age of the study group was 44.6±14.4 years with Male to Female ratio of 1:2.5. There were 56(48.5%) deceased donor renal transplant patents and 67(54.5%) living donor renal transplant patients. 88(71.5%) of patients underwent ureteroureterostomy with an end to end anastomosis, 19(15.4%) patients underwent ureteroureterostomy with an end to side anastomosis, 11(8.9%) patients underwent ureteroneocystostomy using Politano- Leadbetter technique, 4(3.3%) patients underwent ureteroneocystostomy using Lich- Gregoir technique and one patient (0.8%) underwent a ureteropyelostomy. Follow-up of these patients revealed 51(41.5%) patients had at least one episode of UTI after corrective surgery, of which 13(10.3%) patients had symptomatic UTI and 10(8.1%) of patients had persistent UTI (Table 1). All patients with persistent UTI were treated with antibiotics based on sensitivity results. The ten patients with persistent UTI after corrective surgery underwent re-evaluation with cystoscopy, retrograde pyelogram as well as VCUG, and none of the patients had persistent VUR. Among the 10 patients with persistent UTI, four (3.2%) patients achieved negative urine culture, two (1.6%) patients remained asymptomatic with positive urine cultures, for three (2.4%) patients follow-up data was not available and one patient died of unrelated cause. Overall graft loss was observed in 6(4.9%) of patients due to allograft rejection, however none of these were observed in patients with persistent UTI.
Discussion
Renal transplant patients are at a higher risk for urinary tract
infections. The clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic
bacteriuria to pyelonephritis. Nearly 25% of renal transplant patients
develop UTI in the first year of renal transplant of which asymptomatic
bacteriuria (urine c/s >105 CFU/ml) accounts for 44%, uncomplicated
(without systemic signs) UTI for 32%, and complicated (with
systemic signs) UTI for 24% [11-13]. Recurrent UTI is traditionally
described as three or more symptomatic UTI in a year [11]. Urinary
tract infection is the most common infectious complication seen in
renal transplant recipients and is associated with acute rejection,
impaired graft function, allograft loss and death [12-14]. Urinary
tract infection in the renal transplant recipients is associated with
several risk factors, including female gender, advanced age, recurrent
UTI prior to transplant, Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), prolonged
urethral catheterization, ureteral stent placement, deceased donor
renal transplant, history of polycystic kidney disease and delayed
graft function [11,13,15]. Detailed discussion of all the risk factors
and stepwise management of UTI in renal transplant recipients is
beyond the scope of this report, our focus was to review and report
outcomes of corrective surgery in VUR associated recurrent UTI.
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is defined as abnormal flow of
urine from the urinary bladder to the ureter and the kidney. The
true incidence of vesicoureteral reflux in renal transplant patients
is unknown, in the absence of standard protocol for diagnostic
studies. In the literature, VUR is reported to occur in 2-86% of
recipients [2-5]. The incidence of VUR rises in the immediate posttransplantation
period and reaches a plateau after 9 months [5]. The
clinical consequences of VUR, both early and late, are largely debated.
The complication rates secondary to VUR, urinary tract infection,
pyelonephritis, and reflux nephropathy and graft failure vary in
different reports, but no statistically significant differences were
observed when compared to those without VUR [16]. However, some
believe that recurrent urinary tract infections trigger immunological
insult similar to that seen in chronic rejection [17] while others such
as Coosemans et al. and Mastrosimone et al. [2 and 5] observed no impact
of VUR on graft survival and graft function. In other studies, higher
rates of graft failure were found in patients with VUR compared to
patients without reflux (48 vs. 16%) [18]. Nevertheless, UTIs are
frequent after renal transplantations and may adversely impact renal
allograft function, even in the absence of VUR [19].
The major causes of VUR are related to the surgical technique
and the quality of urinary bladder wall [20]. Generally, a longer
submucosal tunnel, a tension-free anastomosis, and firm muscular
support for the ureter are fundamental to ureteroneocystostomy to
prevent VUR, which could make it difficult to achieve in a patient
with a very thin bladder [21]. There is a higher incidence of VUR
in females than males likely because females tend to have thinner
bladder than males. On uni-variate analysis, creatinine clearance < 60
ml/hr, short ureteric submucosal anti-reflux tunnel (< 3cm), dialysis
duration > 60 months, pre-transplant bladder capacity < 130 ml and
experience of surgeon significantly increased risk of VUR, whereas on
multivariate analysis only creatinine clearance < 60ml/hr was found to
be significant [22].
There should be a high index of suspicion for VUR in renal
transplant recipients with recurrent urinary tract infections, even
though the association between VUR and UTI has been seriously
doubted by some. (74, 77, 80) In a prospective study by Favi et al.
[16], 41% of patients with recurrent UTI had mild to moderate
VUR. The higher incidence of pyelonephritis associated with VUR
demonstrated previously has been disproved in recent studies [23].
Although VUR has been considered to be of secondary importance to
the success of transplantation, periodic evaluation of renal recipients
suffering from VUR is advisable. Vesicoureteral reflux is diagnosed
by voiding cystourethrogram, which is routinely performed in some
renal transplant units as a part of protocol. Most programs perform
voiding cystourethrogram only in the presence of recurrent UTI or
pyelonephritis [24]. Radionuclide voiding cystography using 99mTclabelled
collide offers safe alternative with less radiation exposure
and high sensitivity and specificity compared to standard voiding
cystourethrogram. Other alternatives for diagnosing VUR include
ultrasound voiding cystography and duplex ultrasonography to
study resistive index. Kmetec et al. [24,25] observed significantly low
resistive indices during voiding in patients with VUR compared to
patients without VUR.
Asymptomatic patients should be observed. They should not
be treated with antibiotics as it would cause selection of resistant
bacteria over time. For the symptomatic patients there are three
options: antibiotic suppression, Deflux injection and reconstructive
surgery. For older patients who are not eager to undergo a major
operation, antibiotic suppression can be quite successful without
deterioration of renal function or recurrence of symptomatic UTIs.
Unfortunately, Deflux injections have given only good short term
results and in our experience as no patient had a long term success
beyond one year. For younger patients or others who do not wish
to continue daily antibiotics, reconstructive surgery is recommended.
The type of reconstructive surgery chosen depends on the availability
of ipsilateral native ureter and the viability and length of transplant
ureter after it is freed for reconstruction.
Few researchers have reported outcomes of corrective surgery
for VUR. Dincan A et al., reported on outcomes following corrective
surgery in 60 renal transplant recipients with VUR associated
symptomatic UTI. In their study population 50% (N=30) of patients
underwent uretero-ureterostomy and the other 50% (N=30) of
patients underwent repeat ureteral reimplantation. The authors noted
resolution of recurrent symptomatic UTI in 93.4% (N=56) of patients.
Unfortunately, 6.6% (N=4) of patient continued to have symptomatic
UTI, but none of these patients were found to have persistent VUR
on voiding cystourethrogram. In a similar study, Krishnan A et al.
[28], reported outcomes of corrective surgery in 16 pediatric patients
with VUR associated symptomatic UTI. In the same study all the 16
patients underwent a repeat ureteral reimplantation. The authors
noted resolution of symptomatic UTI in 75% (N=12) of patients,
whereas 25% (N=4) of patients had persistent symptomatic UTI. Of
the four patients with persistent recurrent UTI, one patient (25%)
was found to have persistent VUR. The current study represents
the largest series reporting outcomes of corrective surgery for VUR
associated symptomatic UTI in renal transplant patients. In this study
we noted overall resolution of symptomatic UTI in 95.1% (N=117)
of patients. At the end of the study only 1.6% (N=2) of patients had
asymptomatic UTI (Urine C/s >105 CFU/ml), follow up data was not
available in 2.4% (N=3) of patients and the sole patient had died due
to unrelated cause. There were no procedure related complications,
however there was graft loss noted in 4.9% (N=6) of patients due to
allograft rejection.
In conclusion, corrective surgery for VUR associated with
recurrent symptomatic UTI in renal transplant patients is a viable
and highly effective option.
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