Research Article
Cervical Lymph Node Excision – A Retrospective Analysis of Differential Diagnoses and Prognostic Variables
Christian Rohrmeier1*, Tobias Ettl3, Fischer René2 and Thomas S Kuehnel2
1Department of Medicine, University of Regensburg, Germany
2Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Regensburg, Germany
3Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Regensburg, Germany
*Corresponding author: Christian Rohrmeier, Department of Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
Published: 01 Nov, 2018
Cite this article as: Rohrmeier C, Ettl T, René F, Kuehnel
TS. Cervical Lymph Node Excision – A
Retrospective Analysis of Differential
Diagnoses and Prognostic Variables.
Clin Surg. 2018; 3: 2181.
Abstract
Background: Lymphadenopathy often poses problems in terms of differential diagnosis.
Lymph node excision is therefore frequently a necessary component in diagnostic work-up and
confirmation. Current data are scarce concerning diagnostic frequency distributions and prognostic
variables for this routine procedure in otorhinolaryngology.
Methods: All lymph node excisions conducted here between 01/2007 and 12/2011 were analyzed
retrospectively. Exclusion criteria were previously known lymphomas or carcinomas in the head
and neck region and peripheral malignomas if patients had not been recurrence-free for 5 years.
Results: The analysis included 175 patients (mean age: 40.0 years; 1-94), of whom 46.3% were
female. Histology revealed reactive changes in 45.7% and specific changes in 11.4%, lymphomas
in 29.7%, metastases in 5.1%, and other tumors in 8.0%. Malignant findings were recorded in
82.4% of cases of supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. Abnormal laboratory variables (p<0.01) were
encountered significantly less frequently in reactive lymph node changes, B symptoms significantly
more frequently in lymphomas (p<0.01) and nicotine and alcohol abuse in metastases (p<0.01). No
significant differences were found for gender. The complication rate was 2.3%.
Conclusion: In just over 46% of cases lymph node histology revealed findings that required
treatment, and in 75% of these the findings were malignant. Given the minimal surgical risk, lymph
node excision should be performed at an early stage where the diagnosis is uncertain so that specific
therapy can be initiated early. Location, laboratory variables and B symptoms may provide pointers
to specific or malignant pathology.
Keywords: Cervical lymph nodes; Excision; Specific lymphadenitis; Lymphoma; Malignoma
Introduction
The human body has 600 to 800 lymph nodes, of which some 300 are located in the head and
neck region [1-3]. Lymph nodes are categorized as belonging to the secondary lymphatic organs.
They play a key role in the specific immune defence system [3,4]. Changes in terms of lymph node
size and consistency are often the first signs of illness [3,5,6]. Lymphadenopathy is subcategorized as
being localized or generalized. In generalized lymphadenopathy two or more non-contiguous areas
are involved [2,4]. In adults palpable lymph nodes are considered to be abnormal if they are greater
than 1 cm in diameter [4].
Cervical lymphadenopathy is a common problem in the outpatient setting in patients from all
age groups [7-10]. Palpable lymphadenopathy is detected in 38% to 45% of children [6,11]. Among
adults the annual incidence of lymphadenopathy is approximately 0.6% to 0.7% [6,9]. Half of cases
are characterized exclusively by cervical lymph node involvement, while in a quarter of cases there is
generalized lymphadenopathy [4]. Infectious, immunological, neoplastic or metabolic pathologies
are etiologically involved in most cases [4,12]. This broad spectrum of possible causes presents the
attending clinician with a diagnostic challenge in terms of identifying patients with diseases that
require treatment and - in the worst-case scenario - that may be malignant and of establishing
further appropriate diagnostic work-up. In the literature there is a discrepancy in the reported
incidence of malignant pathology, ranging widely from just 1.1% to as much as 40% [6,13]. In order
to exclude malignant processes of this type, invasive diagnostic procedures are recommended in any
patient where lymphadenopathy has persisted for longer than 1 month or where there is a clinically
justified suspicion of malignoma [4,14]. Lymph node excision in this
context is one of the routine procedures in otorhinolaryngology.
According to the literature, lymph node excision or biopsy is
subsequently performed in 3% of patients in whom lymphadenopathy
is detected in primary care practices [4,6]. Recent years have
witnessed an increasing incidence of certain hematological diseases
(e.g. non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) and a changing incidence of specific
inflammatory conditions (e.g. tuberculosis) in westernized countries
[15,16]. Despite this trend, current data from Western Europe are
sparse concerning the distribution of diagnoses in cervical lymph
node excision. The present study was conducted to investigate this
aspect, as well as to identify possible prognostic variables with regard
to the benign or malignant status of lymphadenopathy.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Frequency distribution of diagnoses.
Distribution over the entire study period (large graphic) and for each individual year (small graphics). Over the course of time there were no significant differences
between the years.
Materials and Methods
The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee (no. 11-
101-0148).
Patient population and data collection
Data were collected retrospectively for all patients who had
undergone lymph node excision or partial excision in the cervical
region (level I - VI) in our Department of Otorhinolaryngology
between January 2007 and December 2011. The following were
excluded from the analysis: patients with previously known
malignant lymphoma or previously known solid malignoma in
the head and neck region, patients with suspected lymph node
metastases with an already confirmed primary or one detected
during laryngoscopy, and patients who had undergone a neck
dissection involving more than one level. Patients with malignomas
away from the head and neck region were included if they had been
recurrence-free for a minimum of 5 years. Patient records yielded
details of age, sex, clinical appearance of the lymph nodes (mobility,
painfulness, consistency), duration of swelling, B symptoms, alcohol
and nicotine abuse, laboratory variables (C-Reactive Protein [CRP;
normal range <3.0 mg/l]), leukocytes (normal range 4.63/nl to 6.08/
nl), platelets (normal range 163/nl to 337/nl), Lactate Dehydrogenase
[LDH; normal range <250 U/l]), pre-operative imaging (ultrasound,
Computed Tomography [CT], Magnetic Resonance Imaging [MRI])
where performed, type of anesthesia, postoperative complications
and histology results.
For further analysis the study patients were categorized into five
groups on the basis of histological diagnosis: lymph nodes showing
non-specific/reactive changes, specific lymphadenitis, malignant
lymphomas, metastases and other benign tumors. The latter were
included only in the frequency analyses; they were excluded from the
analyses of between-group differences.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis and graphic presentation of results were
performed using the SPSS Statistics 19.0 software (IBM Corporation,
Armonk/USA). The primary study objective was to establish the
distribution of diagnoses in cervical lymphadenopathy of uncertain
etiology. Additional analyses were performed to elucidate possible
associations between histological findings and age, noxious agent
abuse, B symptoms and a number of laboratory variables. Betweengroup
differences were studied using Fisher’s exact test. P-values less
than 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant, and those less than
0.01 as highly statistically significant.
Results
In total, 175 patients with a mean age of 40.0 years (± 20.6; 1-94)
were included in the analysis. Of this number 81 patients (46.3%)
were female and 94 (53.7%) were male. The most frequent histological
diagnosis in a total of 45.7% of cases was non-specific lymph node
change (Table 1). Malignant lymphomas ranked second (29.7%),
followed by specific lymphadenitis (11.4%) such as toxoplasmosis or
sarcoidosis, other benign tumors (8.0%), and finally solid metastases
(5.1%). The percentage distribution of diagnoses is shown in Figure 1
for the entire study period and for each year separately.
Figure 2 presents the frequency of diagnoses with reference to the
age of the patients. Whereas benign and reactive lymph node changes
predominated up to and including the fifth decade, with increasing
patient age there was a marked increase in metastases (7th decade of
life) and malignant lymphomas (8th decade of life). Lymphomas also
displayed a second peak in the 3rd to 5th decades of life. At the time when
lymph node excision was performed, lymphadenopathy had been
present on average for 5.8 months (± 10.0; 10 days - 5 years); there was
no significant association with diagnosis. 61.7% of the procedures were
performed under local anesthesia, and the rest under endotracheal
anesthesia. Partial excision only was performed in 12% of cases; one
lymph node was excised in 62.9% of cases, two lymph nodes in 20.0%,
and up to four lymph nodes in 5.1%. Postoperative complications
were encountered in four patient's altogether and involved one
case each of hematoma, seroma, abscess and secondary bleeding.
Lymph node excision was performed for the first time in 92.6% of
the patients (n=162), for the second time in 6.9% (n=12), and for
the third time in one patient. Where first-time findings had been
unremarkable, repeat biopsy revealed a malignant lymphoma in 7
out of 12 cases. The patient undergoing a third biopsy showed a nonspecific
result on that occasion too.
Almost all the patients (98.9%) had undergone preoperative
ultrasonography of the affected lymph node; 22.3% of patients
had also undergone CT and 8.6% had undergone MRI. Clinical
examination revealed impaired lymph node mobility more frequently
(but without statistical significance) in metastases and malignant
lymphomas. Malignant lymphomas also often presented as being less
painful and they caused B symptoms significantly more commonly
(p<0.01) (Figure 3). In this context, night sweats and weight loss
were particularly important. Metastases were significantly more often
associated with a history of noxious agent abuse (p<0.01) (Figure
3). Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy revealed malignant findings
in 82.4% of cases. The analysis of laboratory variables focused
particularly on the relevance of LDH, CRP and platelets. Overall,
abnormal laboratory values occurred significantly more rarely in
reactive lymph node changes (p<0.01 for all variables together;
p=0.044 for CRP, p=0.051 for LDH) (Figure 3).
Table 1
Figure 2
Figure 2
Age distribution of diagnoses.
The bars show the absolute numbers with the respective diagnoses for each age decade.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Possible prognostic parameters.
Percentage details for noxious agents, B symptoms, painfulness, mobility
and abnormal laboratory variables.
Irregular alcohol consumption equates to occasional consumption, abuse
equates to consumption in excess of 2 beers or the equivalent per day. For
CRP and LDH only abnormal increases were counted, while for leukocytes
and platelets abnormal reductions were also counted.
Diagnoses: 1= non-specific/reactive, 2= specific lymphadenitis, 3=malignant
lymphomas, 4= metastases.
Discussion
Cervical lymph nodes are the most commonly enlarged and
most commonly biopsied of all the peripheral lymph nodes [17,18].
According to Pangalis et al. [19], cervical lymphadenopathy may be
palpated in primary care as an incidental finding in 56% of patients.
Textbooks state that non-specific changes are present in two-thirds
of these cases [14]. In our study in a university hospital, such nonspecific
changes were found in a total of 45.7% of patients, and in
35.6% in a comparable study from India [5]. Other studies from
tertiary referral centers confirm this high proportion of non-specific
lymphadenopathy (43.3% to 62.3%) [8,11,19]. In our series specific
lymphadenitis was present in 11.4% of cases, the leading diagnoses
in this category being toxoplasmosis and sarcoidosis. As expected,
marked regional differences are found in this respect. In India, for
example, tuberculosis alone accounts for 31.3% of cases [5]. However,
it is of interest to note that very marked differences are also to be
found in centers within Europe: specific lymphadenitis was detected
by Laffers et al. [8] in Germany in only 0.6% (one case each of
tuberculosis and sarcoidosis), compared with 30.9% by Pangalis et al.
[19] in Southern Europe. In the latter study toxoplasmosis was also the
main cause, with tuberculosis in third place. Malignant conditions,
such as metastases and especially Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s
lymphomas or chronic lymphatic B-cell leukemia, also typically
manifest themselves initially as lymphadenopathy [20]. Working in
a primary care setting, Fijten et al. [21] reported a malignant cause in
1.1% of their patients with unexplained lymphadenopathy [21]. This
is backed up by two further studies where malignancy was detected as
the cause of lymphadenopathy in only 3 out of 238 patients [22] and
in none out of 80 patients examined [23]. In our study malignancy
was diagnosed in more than one-third (34.8%) of lymph node biopsy
specimens. This clearly higher percentage can be accounted for by
the highly selected patient population attending our university
hospital. Studies by Laffers et al. [8] and Lee et al. [13], also conducted
in tertiary referral centers, reported similarly high numbers, with
malignancy being detected in 38% and even 40% of cases respectively.
In the malignant pathology category malignant lymphomas
dominated in our study, accounting for 85.2% (altogether 29.7%).
Numbers of Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas were
evenly balanced. In other studies too malignant lymphomas were
represented clearly more often than metastases. For example,
malignant lymphomas were detected by Chau et al. [9] in 11.3%,
by Lee et al. in 12% [13], and by Laffers et al. [8] in 19% of patients
studied. In routine clinical practice Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
(NHL) in particular appears to be playing an ever-increasing role.
Several studies have reported a seriously increased incidence by about
50% in westernized countries in recent years [15,24,25]. Aside from
altered environmental factors, one reason appears to be the increased
ageing of the general population, because the risk of developing NHL
rises continuously with increasing age until a peak is reached in the
7th and 8th decades of life [4]. By contrast, the incidence curve for
Hodgkin’s lymphoma is characteristically bimodal, with an initial
peak occurring between the ages of 20 and 25 and a second peak
around the age of 65 [14]. This pattern was also reflected in our study.
In other respects too patient age was found to be an
important predictive factor for the benign or malignant status of
lymphadenopathy. In our study, with one single exception, only
benign lymphadenopathy was detected in the first two decades of life.
Metastases occurred from the age of 40, with a peak between the ages
of 60 and 70 (41.7%). Above the age of 70 malignant lymphomas were
the most common diagnosis, accounting for up to 81.3% of cases.
Specific lymphadenitis showed no age-dependency. Comparable
results were also reported by Lee et al. [13] who stated that patient age
was in fact the most important criterion for estimating the probability
of whether lymphadenopathy is due to a benign or malignant process.
Pangalis et al. [19] also reported age-related factors: in their study,
for patients aged over 40, the risk of malignant or granulomatous
lymphadenopathy was already increased 20-fold.
Gender-specific differences were not detected by us or in other
comparable studies [6,13,19]. However, Laffers et al. [8] and Chau
et al. [9] have reported a marked preponderance of malignant
pathologies in male patients. They attribute this finding to greater
noxious agent abuse among men. In patients with metastases, but
not in those with malignant lymphomas, we also noted alcohol
abuse and especially nicotine abuse significantly more often.
Some authors have concluded that lymphadenopathy that is present
for two to four weeks or for longer than one year is generally benign
[12,18]. We are unable to concur with this view for two reasons in
particular. Firstly, as well as acute inflammatory diseases, tumors
with a high proliferation rate may also display a rapid and only shortlived
size increase [4]; and secondly, malignant diseases with a low
proliferation rate (low malignant Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s
lymphomas, chronic lymphatic leukemia) exhibit very slow growth
[26].
The occurrence of fever (>38°C), night sweats and weight loss
(>10% in 6 months) has been reported in the literature for malignant
lymphomas in particular [4,6]. These prognostically unfavorable
features, known as B symptoms according to the Ann Arbor
classification dating from 1966, were observed significantly more
frequently in our study in 44.4% of malignant lymphomas [4,27].
A comparable frequency was also found in the study by Pangalis et
al. [19] in 30% of Hodgkin’s and 10% of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
patients. The presence of B symptoms in the history may therefore
strengthen the suspicion of malignant lymphoma; however, it should
be remembered that B symptoms also regularly occur in specific
lymphadenitis, e.g. in tuberculosis or Kikuchi- Fujimoto disease
[2,6,28]. On palpation, rock hard lymph nodes are considered to
be typical for metastases, firm rubbery lymph nodes for malignant
lymphomas, and soft tender lymph nodes for inflammatory or
infectious processes. Painless and poorly mobile lymph nodes in
particular are reported to be indicative of a malignant process
[2,4,20]. Our results confirm this tendency only in part and to a nonsignificant
degree, with the consequence that in our view palpatory
findings should be categorized as having only vague prognostic utility.
In addition, palpation is fraught with major inherent shortcomings in
terms of size estimation: according to Gobbi et al. [29], actual lymph
node size is clearly underestimated in most cases. Ultrasonography
should therefore be performed routinely because as well as permitting
precise measurement, it offers a good indication of benign or
malignant status. According to the published literature, lymph node
size greater than 2.25 cm2 is viewed as particularly critical; secondly,
a longitudinal-to-transverse axis ratio of less than 2.0 is suggestive
of malignant lesions. Sensitivity and specificity of 95% have been
reported for this latter aspect [14,19].
As well as size and consistency, location plays an important
role. While the common distinction drawn between localized
and generalized lymphadenopathy appears to be of only little
differential diagnostic utility [14,19,20], the data for supraclavicular
lymphadenopathy are unequivocal. This finding was reported to be
malignant in 55% of 309 patients in a study by Ellison et al. [30], and
in as many as 85% of 1103 patients in a study by Steel et al. [31]. In
agreement with these authors, a malignant finding was made in our
study in 82.4% of these lymph nodes. Thorough investigation in this
location is therefore always advisable.
A study by Trichopoulos et al. [32] demonstrated an association
between elevated CRP levels and certain cancers, including
leukemia and malignant lymphomas. In addition, raised CRP
levels in cancer have prognostic relevance in terms of survival. By
also including abnormal leukocyte or platelet counts, prognostic
utility can be enhanced even further [33]. LDH is an important
independent prognostic factor, for example, in aggressive NHL or
in certain metastasizing cancers [34,35]. Our results too indicate
that unremarkable laboratory variables are readily consistent
with non-specific lymphadenopathy, whereas raised CRP and/
or raised LDH in particular point to a malignant etiology.
Although the diagnostic yield from cervical lymph node biopsies is
very high compared with other lymph node sites [13], unremarkable
histological findings are repeatedly made despite the clear suspicion
of malignoma. If this suspicion subsequently persists, further lymph
node excision is strongly indicated; on repeat histology a malignant
lymphoma was found in 7 out of 12 cases in the present study.
It should be mentioned that excision or biopsy appears to be
clearly more useful than fine-needle aspiration, a procedure that is
often cited as an alternative. Excision is a simple and effective method,
it can be performed under local anesthetic in the vast majority of
cases, and it is associated with an only minimal complication rate
and no mortality [5]. By contrast, it is often not possible to make an
unequivocal diagnosis using fine-needle aspiration cytology and so
this investigation should be regarded as only second choice [4,36].
When evaluating our own study and comparable studies it must
always be remembered that a special selection of patients has been
made, depending on center (e.g. primary care or tertiary referral
center) and country or continent. This leads to altered diagnosis
frequencies. The relatively small patient population in our study
may also be categorized as a flaw. However, since there were no
significant differences in the distribution of diagnoses over the five
years of the analysis, the study may nevertheless be regarded as being
representative.
Conclusion
Abnormal findings were recorded in just over 46% of cervical lymph node excisions performed in our university hospital. In oneninth of these patients the findings related to metastases, in onequarter to a specific lymphadenitis, and in just under two-thirds to a malignant lymphoma. As prognostic parameters, patient age, B symptoms, lymph node site, noxious agent abuse and abnormal laboratory values (e.g. CRP or LDH) may yield evidence to support a specific or malignant process. Lymph node excision is a lowrisk procedure that can be performed in most cases under local anesthesia and permits a definitive diagnosis. It should be considered at an early stage in patients with unexplained, persistent cervical lymphadenopathy.
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