Research Article
Acute Monocyte Subset Counts in Patients Undergoing Coronary Surgery
Diana M Valencia-Nuñez1*, Willy Kreutler2, Ana Merino3, Ignacio Muñoz-Carvajal3,4, David Holzhey1, Pedro Aljama3,5, Rafael Ramirez-Chamond6 and Julia Carracedo- Añon D7
1Division of Cardiac Surgery, Leipzig Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
2DEKRA. Chemnitz.Germany
3Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/
Universidad de Córdoba. Córdoba, Spain
4Department of Cardiovascular Surgery. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía.Córdoba, Spain
5Department of Nephrology. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía. Córdoba, Spain
6Department of Biology Systems, Physiology, Alcala University, Alcala de Henares. Spain
7Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University/Instituto de
Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
*Corresponding author: Diana M Valencia-Nuñez, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Leipzig Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
Published: 12 Jul, 2018
Cite this article as: Valencia-Nuñez DM, Kreutler W, Merino
A, Muñoz-Carvajal I, Holzhey D, Aljama
P, et al. Acute Monocyte Subset Counts
in Patients Undergoing Coronary
Surgery. Clin Surg. 2018; 3: 2010.
Abstract
Elevated proinflammatory monocyte levels may predict cardiovascular events in several diseases.
The present paper reports on changes in Classical (CD14++CD16-), intermediate(CD14++CD16+)
and particularly non-classical (CD14++CD16+) monocyte counts in patients undergoing coronary
bypass surgery with respect both to baseline levels in healthy subjects. In an observational
descriptive study, baseline counts in 31 patients scheduled for coronary revascularization surgery
were compared with 25 healthy controls. In a subsequent longitudinal study in patients undergoing
surgery were monitored at 5 time points up until 48 hours after surgery: biochemical markers for
ischemia and acute inflammation were measured, and monocyte subset percentages were quantified
by flow cytometry. Baseline and endpoint classical monocyte counts in coronary patients were
significantly lower than those of healthy controls (p<0.05). Intermediate monocytes populations
were significantly higher at all time points surgery group than in controls, though progressively
declining over time to approach control levels. Baseline counts for the non-classical subset, widely
linked to cardiovascular risk, were significantly higher in the coronary group than in controls
(p<0.001) and, though falling over time, did not attain normal levels over the study period (p<0.001).
Given the modulatory effect of extracorporeal circulation on biochemical parameters, a secondary
analysis was performed to ascertain the potential effect of ECC on monocyte subset counts: no
significant inter-group difference in counts was observed.
Keywords: Coronary disease; Monocytes; Revascularization
Introduction
Atherosclerotic coronary heart disease is the most common type of cardiovascular condition,
and is among the main causes of death in industrialized countries [1]. Coronary artery bypass graft
(CABG) is one of the treatments of choice in patients with severe coronary disease. CABG has a
number of major benefits, enhancing quality of life and improving life expectancy [2]. Inflammation
is a major contributor to coronary artery disease, playing a key role in atherosclerosis and disease
progression [3]. Elevated levels of proinflammatory immune cells are reported in patients with
atherosclerosis or acute myocardial infarction, reflecting not only the acute inflammatory response
to ischemia/reperfusion injury but also the adaptive immunological mechanisms associated with
chronic ischemic disease that lead to increased vulnerability during acute events [4]. Elevated levels
of blood enzymes such as Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK), Creatine Kinase Isoenzyme MB (CPK
MB) and troponin I are currently considered markers of acute-phase myocardial injury Monocytes
play a key role in atherogenesis, their accumulation in the vessel wall marking a major step in the
onset and progression of atherosclerosis [5]. The findings of in vitro and animal studies suggest
that the various monocyte subsets are selectively involved at various stages in the development of
atherosclerotic plaques [6], while research in patients with chronic renal failure and with coronary
artery disease indicates that increased monocyte-subset counts may be predictive of cardiovascular
events [7,8].
Human monocytes have traditionally been classified on the
basis of their morphology, as established by cytochemistry; the
later development of flow cytometry has enabled monocytes to be
counted and classified into three subsets: Classical CD14++CD16-,
intermediate CD14++CD16+, and non-classical CD14+CD16++in
terms of their expression of the cell-surface antigens CD14
(lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor and CD16 ( Fc-III receptor)
[9,10]. In healthy subjects, most monocytes are strongly positive for
the CD14 molecule and negative for the CD16 molecule Classical
(CD14++CD16-), while only a small proportion (< 10%) of all
peripheral-blood CD14+ monocytes express the CD16 molecule [5].
Intermediate (CD14+CD16+) monocytes are considered proinflammatory,
since they produce the pro-inflammatory cytokines
tumor necrosis factor (TNF- α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) [11], while
their production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10
(IL-10) is much lower than that of theCD14++CD16- subset [11].
They contain atherogenic Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL), and
correlate negatively with HDL levels [12]. Intermediate monocytes
levels are reportedly higher in patients with inflammatory and
infectious diseases than in healthy subjects [5]. CD14++CD16+ are
characterized by greater cell-membrane expression of the CD14
molecule. Elevated levels are associated with a higher incidence
of cardiovascular events and greater CV mortality in patients with
chronic kidney disease not undergoing dialysis [13]. Recent research
has shown that CD14++CD16+ monocytes independently predicted
cardiovascular events in subjects referred for elective coronary
angiography [14].
Cardiac surgery with Extracorporeal Circulation (ECC) is
associated with a systemic inflammatory response, characterized by
vasodilation and diminished systemic vascular resistance, triggered by
the contact of blood with the extracorporeal circuit2 and influenced by
the development of ischemia and reperfusion injury with subsequent
endotoxin release [15]. The extent and duration of the inflammatory
response are governed by a number of factors, including the drugs
used, ischemia time and extracorporeal circulation time, as well as
mechanical and physical processes inherent in the perfusion process.
In general, however, ECC is widely reported to be beneficial for patients
[16], and is the procedure of choice for most heart surgery. This study
sought to determine the influence of coronary surgery on peripheralblood
CD14++CD16-, CD14+CD16+ and CD14++CD16+ monocyte
counts in patients with diagnosed revascularizable coronary artery
disease (CAD), comparing baseline counts in these patients with
those of patients undergoing simple valve replacement and those of
healthy controls; a secondary aim was to determine whether use of
Extracorporeal Circulation (ECC) influenced changes in monocyte
subset counts.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Patients and Methods
Study design and patient selection
This was a two-part study. The first part was a descriptive
transversal study to compare counts for 3 monocyte subsets
(CD14++CD16-, CD14+CD16+ and CD14++CD16+) in healthy
controls with baseline (pre-surgery) and endpoint (48 hours postsurgery)
counts in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery . In
a subsequent prospective longitudinal study, monocyte subset counts
were measured in patient group at five different timepoints, from
induction of anesthesia to 48 hours post-surgery. Two groups were
thus involved in the study: patients with diagnosed isolated Coronary
Artery Disease (CAD) and healthy controls with no cardiovascular
risk factors.
Forty patients admitted for coronary revascularization surgery
were recruited. A 31 patients completed follow-up; 2 died and 7
withdrew consent originally given at admission. Diagnosis was by
cardiac catheterization jointly managed by the Hospital’s cardiology
and cardiovascular surgery units. Patients requiring valve or aorta
surgery during the same operative procedure were excluded from
the study. Surgery, performed at the Hospital by 4 experienced
heart surgeons, was aimed at achieving complete revascularization
using the left or right mammary artery, radial artery or internal
saphenous vein depending on the requirements of each patient.
All patients received standard anesthesia, heparinization (3 mg/
kg) and subsequent total reversion with protamine. Extracorporeal
circulation was established in patient group as follows: standard
aortic cannulation and single vena cava, followed by aortic clamp,
antegrade and retrograde cold blood cardioplegia with reperfusions
every 20 minutes; proximal anastomosis of each graft was followed by
moderate hypothermia (34th). The Stöckert S5 Heart Lung Machine
was used for extracorporeal perfusion, with a centrifugal pump and
oxygenator depending on patient theoretical flow. The decision to use
extracorporeal circulation for CAD patients was taken by the surgeon
on a case-by-case basis.
On the day of surgery, informed consent was obtained from
patient group and the following data were collected: a) age, sex,
weight, and height for calculating body mass index (BMI); b)
preoperative risk factors including history of hypertension, diabetes,
smoking, dyslipidemia, peripheral vascular disease, previous acute
myocardial infarction, diagnosed chronic kidney failure; c) medical
treatment with ACE inhibitors, aspirin, isosorbide dinitrate.
The first sample collection took place in the operating theatre
after orotracheal intubation and induction of anesthesia; the final
sample was collected 48 post-surgery. Samples were also collected
at this stage from age- and sex-matched healthy controls with no
symptoms, no cardiovascular risks and normal ECG.
At a total of 5 time points, peripheral blood samples (10 ml)
were collected under standard conditions and placed in two 5 ml
tubes containing lithium heparin anticoagulant: T1 (after orotracheal
intubation and induction of anesthesia); T2 (15 minutes after aortic
declamping or, in patients not undergoing ischemia/reperfusion, 15
minutes after completion of the anterior descending artery bypass
procedure); T3 (4 hours post-ischemia); T4 (24 hours post-ischemia);
and T5 (48 hours post-ischemia). One tube was sent to the hospital’s
experimental unit for processing, isolation of polymorphonuclear
cells (PMNs) and measurement of monocyte subset counts. The
other tube was referred to the hospital’s central laboratory for
measurement of the following blood biochemical parameters: creatine
phosphokinase (CPK, normal: 30-200U/L), troponin I (0.00-0.50 ng/
ml), procalcitonin (0.05-0.50 ng/ml) and C-reactive protein (CRP,
0.0-5.0mg/L). Samples from healthy controls (5 ml) were collected in
standard conditions, placed in one tube, and referred for isolation of
PMNs and monocyte subset counts; since these subjects had no CV
risks and were asymptomatic, acute-phase reactants and myocardial
damage markers were not measured.
Peripheral-blood monocyte subset counts
Peripheral-blood monocyte subset counts were performed by
flow cytometry, using the laboratory’s standard protocol [17,18].
Analysis (FSC/SSC) was performed in a region including all
monocytes, from which subsets were separated using anti-CD14
and anti-CD16 antibodies (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA).
Briefly, blood was incubated for 30 minutes at 4ºC with peridin
chlorophyll protein (PerCP)-conjugated mAb to CD14 (M5E2) and
fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated mAb to CD16 (3G8).
Flow cytometric analysis was performed using a FACSCalibur flow
cytometer (Becton Dickinson™). Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI)
ranges for CD14 and CD16 were as follows: CD14+: 200-700;
CD14++: 700-1000 ; CD16-: 0-300; and CD16+: 300-1000. Results
for the three human monocyte subsets are shown in Figure 1. (A)
CD14++CD16-; (B) CD14++CD16+ and (C) CD14+CD16++.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis of study data was performed using the PASW
Statistics 19 (SPSS19) software package. Data are expressed as mean
± Standard Deviation (SD) for normally-distributed data or median
and Interquartile Range (IQR) for data not normally distributed. For
comparison of means between healthy subjects and patients, Student’s
t test or the Mann-Whitney U test were used depending on whether
data fitted a normal distribution. Data for the five timepoints in the
patient groups (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) were subjected to repeated
measures ANOVA or the Friedman test where appropriate. Values of
p <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Monocyte subset counts (a,b,c) in CAD patients undergoing surgery with vs. without ECC (a, b and c). Red line: No ECC Patients; Blue line: ECC Patients. p: level of significance.
Table 1
Table 2
Results
Demographic and clinical data for the subjects enrolled in the
study (31 coronary patients and 25 healthy subjects) are shown in
Table 1. Significant differences were recorded for mean age between
healthy controls and coronary patients (55.9±4.9 vs. 64.1±9.1,
respectively; p< 0.05). No significant inter-group differences were
recorded for gender or for BMI (28 kg/m2 in all groups). Two
coronary patients (6.25%) died on postoperative day 3, one due to
postoperative myocardial infarction and the other due to sepsis.
All patients underwent diagnostic coronary angiography prior to
surgery, and all patients had previously received treatment with ACE
inhibitors, aspirin and isosorbide dinitrate. Half the coronary patients
were diabetic. ECC (ONCAB) was required in 71.9% of coronary
patients. 3.1 Peripheral-blood monocyte subset counts following
surgery.
Monocyte subset counts in the patient group are shown in Figure
2, and quantitative and statistical details are provided in Table 2.
In coronary patients, the percentage of CD14++CD16- monocytes
fell at T2, but increased significantly at T3, thereafter remaining
elevated until T5 (p=0.013). CD14+CD16+ monocyte counts did not
decrease significantly until T5 (p= 0.017). Values for CD14++CD16+
monocytes patients remained stable until T3, thereafter declining
significantly until T5 (p<0.001). Baseline CD14++CD16+ counts
were significantly higher in patient group. As Table 3 shows, baseline
and endpoint CD14++CD16- counts in were significantly lower
than those of healthy subjects (p<0.05). Baseline and endpoint
CD14+CD16+ counts were significantly higher in coronary patients
than in healthy controls, although endpoint values were lower
than baseline values and approached those of controls. Baseline
CD14++CD16+ monocyte counts in patients were significantly
higher than those of healthy subjects (18.1±1.1 vs 3.1±; p<0.001),
and although they declined over time, they remained elevated with
respect to controls (12.4±1.7, p<0.001). No significant differences in
monocyte subset percentages were observed between ECC and non-
ECC coronary patients (Figure 3).
Discussion
This is the first paper to address the influence of coronary
revascularization surgery on the relative proportions of the
three monocyte subsets. In patients undergoing surgery, low
baseline peripheral-blood CD14++CD16- monocyte counts
increased postoperatively, while CD14+CD16+ and, particularly,
CD14++CD16+ counts diminished; by contrast, high CD14++CD16-
counts and low CD14+CD16+ and CD14++CD16+ counts were
recorded in healthy controls. A number of studies have highlighted
the “plasticity” of monocytes, i.e. their ability to differentiate into
various cell phenotypes in response to their environment [19]. In
healthy subjects, the monocyte population generally expresses high
levels of CD 14 molecules and does not express CD 16 (CD14++
CD16-). Only a small proportion of peripheral-blood monocytes (less
than 10%) is CD-16 positive; CD16+ monocytes can be subdivided
as a function of CD14 expression intensity, into CD14++CD16+
and CD14+CD16+ [20]. Patients with pathologies involving chronic
inflammation tend to display elevated CD14+CD16+ monocyte
subset counts. The fact that, unlike the dominant CD14++CD16-
monocytes, these so-called proinflammatory monocytes produce
high levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1 and lower
amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, has led some
authors to suggest that, as well as being useful biomarkers of chronic
inflammation, these monocytes may play a key role not only in the
development and maintenance of the inflammatory process and/or
of pathologies associated with chronic inflammation, severe aortic
valve stenosis [21], sepsis [22], H inflammatory disorders such as
rheumatoid arthritis [23], Kawasaki disease [24], and atherosclerosis
[25].
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory state involving a number
of different inflammatory pathways [26]. In atherosclerotic patients,
monocytes accumulate continuously during atheroma formation, and
accumulation reportedly increases in proportion to lesion size [27].
Migration of monocytes into the vessel wall contributes to the onset
and progression of atherosclerosis [28], and research has confirmed
a link between levels of soluble inflammatory markers such as PCR
and proinflammatory cytokines and the incidence of cardiovascular
events [29]. The present study unsurprisingly revealed in coronary
patients a statistically-significant correlation between baseline levels
of cardiac troponin I, a highly sensitive and specific marker of
myocardial damage [30], and levels of CD14+CD16++ monocytes,
associated with cardiovascular events (r=-0.357; p= 0.057). During the
postoperative period, a significant inverse correlation was observed
between anti-inflammatory CD14++CD16- monocyte counts and
levels of the soluble inflammatory marker PCR (r= -0.322; p= 0.083).
Few studies to date have focused on the effect of surgery and ECC
on monocyte subset counts in patients with coronary artery disease,
and none report a direct effect on monocyte subsets as a function of
CD16 surface expression. However, high levels of TLR2, TLR4 and
TREM-1 surface expression have been observed in CD14++CD16+
monocytes, confirming their proinflammatory profile [31,32].
Research in vitro using simulated ECC models [33,34], suggests
that ECC may stimulate polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) and
monocyte production through mechanisms yet to be ascertained.
However, such models cannot fully reproduce the situation of
a patient undergoing heart surgery, particularly where there is
concurrent lung ischemia–reperfusion injury, as in the present study.
Monitoring of monocyte subset counts showed that CD16-
was, as expected, the dominant subset in healthy controls. CD16-
monocyte counts were significantly lower in coronary patients at
baseline; however, a progressive and significant increase was observed
over the postoperative period. These monocytes are involved in
new vessel formation and in the production of anti-inflammatory
molecules. Levels of proinflammatory CD16+ monocytes—both the
CD14+CD16+ subset linked to chronic inflammation and the nonclassical
CD14++CD16+ linked to cardiovascular disease—were
significantly lower in controls than in patients prior to surgery. All
these patients had well-established atherosclerosis and coronary
artery disease; 67% had at least one previous episode of infarction,
and almost 17% had additional diagnosed peripheral vascular
disease. In a 200-patient study reported in 2003 by Schlitt et al.
[35], patients with chronic CAD also had higher CD14+ CD16+
monocyte counts than healthy controls. Nahrendorf et al. [36] in
mice and Tsujioka in humans [37] observed a two-phase monocyte
response to myocardial infarction: over the first 2-3 days post-injury,
i.e. during left ventricular remodeling, there was a predominance
of Ly-6Chi monocytes in mice and of CD16- monocytes in humans,
along with marked phagocytic and proteolytic activity. Between 4
and 7 days post-injury, the accumulation of Ly-6Clo monocytes in
mice and CD16+ monocytes in humans initially promoted reparative
processes such as angiogenesis and extracellular matrix deposition,
the classical features of granulation tissue formation; levels remained
high throughout chronic inflammation. In the present study,
patients displayed high baseline counts for CD16+ monocytes
(CD14+CD16+ and CD14++CD16+), whilst a two-phase process
was observed during the postoperative period. In the first phase,
i.e. during and immediately after surgery, the habitual systemic
inflammatory response [38] prompted by surgical trauma, contact
of the blood with the ECC circuit, myocardial ischemia during
bypass [39], subsequent reperfusion the lesion may be temporarily
exacerbated when circulation is restored to ischemic tissue [40] and
endotoxin release, triggered the inflammatory cascade, leading to a
transient increase in inflammatory factors, including monocytes.
In the later phase, there was a marked decline in CD16+ monocyte
counts, which finally approached those of healthy subjects. However,
this study ended 48 hours post-surgery, and further research is
required in order for reliable patterns to be discerned. Contrary to
expectations, ECC appeared to have no effect on relative monocyte
subset counts: no significant difference was observed between non-
ECC coronary patients and either valve-replacement patients or ECC
coronary patients. Although many of the present findings could not
be compared with the results of earlier research, since there have
been no previous studies of changes in monocyte levels in patients
undergoing coronary surgery, it would appear that surgical coronary
revascularization may play a major role in modulating the innate
immune system, and specifically the behaviour of CD14+CD16+ and
CD14++CD16+ monocyte subsets closely involved in the onset and
progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. This may
help to explain why the prognosis for coronary patients undergoing
surgery is better than that of non-surgically revascularized patients.
This study was affected by two major constraints: the relatively
small number of patients, and the failure to chart patient progress and
monocyte subset counts over a longer follow-up period.
Table 3
Conclusion
In conclusion, our data provide evidence of an association of coronary artery disease with increased levels of intermediate monocytes and non-classical monocytes and this levels decrease after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of cardiovascular residents, surgeons, anesthetists, perfusionists, nurses and intensive physicians at the Reina Sofia Hospital and laboratory technicians at the IMIBIC institute. They are also grateful to M. J. Jimenez for technical assistance. This research was supported by the Spanish National R+D+I Plan, Health Research Projects, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) - Subdirector General for Assessment, European Regional Development Funds (FEDER) (PI12/01489 and PI14/00806). Julia Carracedo was supported by a contract from the Córdoba Biomedical Research Foundation (Andalusia Health Service, NicolásMonardesProgramme).
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