Research Article
Carcinoma of Mouth: Retrospective Analysis of 598 Brazilian Patients
Vagner R Santos*, Caique R Pêgo, Sarah C de Sales and Daniel M Santos
Department of Clinical Pathology and Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
*Corresponding author: Vagner Rodrigues Santos, Department of Clinical Pathology and Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Odontologia UFMG, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biomateriais, sala 3203, Avenida Antonio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
Published: 16 Feb, 2018
Cite this article as: Santos VR, Pêgo CR, de Sales SC,
Santos DM. Carcinoma of Mouth:
Retrospective Analysis of 598 Brazilian
Patients. Clin Surg. 2018; 3: 1914.
Abstract
Introduction: Mouth cancer is a term that means cancers of the lip and oral cavity (oral mucosa,
gingiva, hard palate, oral tongue and floor of the mouth). Oral cancer is more common in some
developing countries because it is related to the population lifestyle, particularly with the risk factors
contact due to cultural issues and the difficulty accessing treatment.
Purpose: The aim of this study is to present occurrence demographic data of patients diagnosed
with squamous cell carcinoma in UFMG’s Dentistry School.
Patients and Methods: It was analyzed 598 diagnosed clinical charts. Histopathological reports of
all patients with diagnosed oral cancer from 1956 to 2010 were analyzed, following inclusion and
exclusion criteria. Information about genre, age, skin color, disease time report and injury site was
collected and statistical analysis was done in the software Microsoft Excel 2013.
Results: The sample consisted of 24, 75% women and 74, 75% men. Regarding skin color, 41,
64% were leukoderms, 32, 94% were afro-caucasian and 17, 89% were melanoderms. The patients
majority were in sixth (28, 93%) and seventh (20, 74%) decades of life. About the injury location,
the main sites were the tongue (165), floor of mouth (123) and alveolar mucosa (117) cases. The
injury time ranged from less than one month to 11 years. Reported time disease had up to 3 months.
Oral cancer affected more Caucasians women who were in the 70th and more Caucasian men in
60th decade of life. Conclusion: Epidemiological studies were so much important to contribute to
the database on the Minas Gerais State and Brazil cancer occurrence which may help prevention
strategies.
Keywords: Oral squamous cell carcinoma; Epidemiology; Retrospective study
Introduction
Mouth cancer is a term that means cancers of the lip and oral cavity (oral mucosa, gingiva, hard
palate, oral tongue and floor of the mouth). The disease has a global estimate of 300,000 new cases
per year, 80% of this one in developing countries. The highest incidence rates were observed in
populations from Central-South Asia, Malaysia, Africa and Central America. In Brazil 15,290 new
cases are estimated for 2014 [1].
Mouth cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world, and squamous cell carcinoma
accounts for 95%. Oral cancer is more common in some developing countries because it is related
to the population lifestyle, particularly with the risk factors contact due to cultural issues and the
difficulty accessing treatment [2].
Squamous cell carcinoma derived from the stratified squamous epithelium of the oral mucosa
and presents clinical and histological manifestations. The lesion, histologically, causes changes in
the epithelium such as acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, hyperplasia and moderate to severe dysplasia in
the cells and maybe clinically associated with leukoplakia and erytoleukoplakia [3].
The major predisposing factors to the disease are mainly smoking, alcohol consumption
and ultraviolet radiation, but other factors such as HPV (Human Papilloma Virus), Candidaspp
infections, nutritional deficiencies and genetic predispositions are also associated [4]. Although
recent advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant neoplasms, oral cancer
appears to be a public health problem, once epidemiological data do not show improvement over
time. One of the factors of this problem is the difficulty of success of public policies that are directed
to the main risk factors related to this neoplasia [5]. Mouth cancers are malignant neoplasms that
affect mouth´s structures or tissues of the may present lesions originating from that site, or maybe a
distant site metastasis or an extension of an adjacent site. More than
90% of oral cavity neoplasms are squamous cell carcinomas that arise
on the mucous membranes of the mouth and oropharynx [6].
Mouth cancer is a disease that severely debilitates the patient
and many cases is associated with extensive destruction of oral and
orofacial structures and may result in resection of affected tissues.
Treatments with radiotherapy and chemotherapy also have serious
side effects. These factors generally contribute to worsening quality
of life and health [7].
From an epidemiological and clinical-pathological viewpoint,
oral cancer can be divided into categories: oral cavity carcinomas
proper, lip vermilion carcinoma and carcinoma of the oropharynx
[8].
The oral cavity itself extends from the lips to the palatoglossal
folds, is limited below by the buccal floor and tongue and above by the
hard palate and is limited laterally by jugal mucosa, teeth and gingiva.
The oropharynx is located behind the oral cavity, is limited superiorly
by the soft palate, inferiorly by an imaginary line that passes in the
tip of the epiglottis, previously by the posterior third of the tongue.
The lateral wall is formed by the palatopharyngeal arches and the
posterior wall contains the palatine tonsils [9].
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity is an invasive epithelial
neoplasm that presents different degrees of cell differentiation and
propensity for early and extensive lymph node nodal metastases,
which mainly affects individuals who drink alcohol and cigarettes
between the fifth and sixth decade of life [10].
It is important to identify the biological aggressiveness of the
tumors to provide the patient with an appropriate specific treatment
for each type of tumor. Regional lymph node metastases, anatomic
site, histological classification system, tumor malignancy classification
(TNM) and depth of invasion are also indicators of prognosis [11].
People who are not exposed to the tobacco´s toxins present
carcinogenic mechanisms different from those presented by smokers,
possibly related to susceptibility to genetic mutation and viral
pathogens, the latter being not yet well delimited. Prolonged exposure
to carcinogens can lead to DNA damage and genetic changes in the
oral epithelium leading to cancer [12]. The cigarette smoke is made
up of approximately 4000 substances, 81 of which are considered
carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Prolonged exposure to carcinogens can lead to DNA damage and
genetic changes in the oral epithelium leading to cancer [12,13].
In some populations, due to cultural habits, it is common for
people to chew tobacco leaves, increasing the exposure time of the
mucosa to the causative factor. On the other hand, populations with
diets high in carotene, containing vegetables and citrus fruits, may
have a greater protective effect [14].
Patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma who are on
treatment and remain with the habit during treatment have a lower
response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and increase the invasive
and metastatic power of tumor cells [13].
Tobacco and alcohol are listed as the major risk factors for the
disease. Tobacco ingested, chewed, inhaled or smoked in association
with alcohol further increases the risk of cancer. Several mechanisms
of action of alcohol were suggested: alcohol acting as a solvent,
facilitating the passage of carcinogens through cell membranes; as a
local irritant; improving liver metabolism and activating carcinogenic
substances and may alter the intracellular metabolism of epithelial
cells [15].
Those patients who stop smoking are at risk of having the disease
lessened over time and may approach the risk of nonsmoking patients
after 10 years or more from the time they quit smoking [16].
The relationship of HPV, especially HPV-16 type, between
squamous cell carcinoma has been implicated in young patients who
have not been exposed to major risk factors such as tobacco and
alcohol. In addition, HPV may result in a worse prognosis for tumors
of the oral cavity. However, the role of HPV in oral lesions has not
been fully elucidated yet [17].
Recently biological markers have been linked to the disease,
mainly the tumor suppression gene p53. On the other hand, this
same gene is considered the most frequently altered in cancer lesions
in humans. The percentage of p53 immunoexpression found in the
study was 50%, and it cannot be related to worsening of the patient's
prognosis [18]. Squamous cell carcinoma may also be related to
polymorphisms in cytochrome P-450 and glutathione-S-tranferase,
which decrease the detoxification of cancer cells and the number of
reactive oxygen species [19].
The aim of this study is to present demographic data on patients
diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma by the Faculty of Dentistry
of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Table 1
Material and Methods
Clinical records and ethics
The study analyzed data in the histopathological reports of
diagnosed patients with epithelial lining cells carcinoma in the
Laboratory of Anatomopathology, Dentistry School, University
Federal of Minas Gerais (UFMG) from 1956 to 2010.
The histopathological reports access was authorized by the
project supervisor and the coordinator of the Department of Clinical,
Pathology and Surgery (DCPC), ensuring that the patients' identity
should be preserved and highlighting the objectives and methods of
the study. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee
of the Federal University of Minas Gerais under the number COEP /
UFMG 33895414.4.0000.5149.
All the patients who participated in the study signed a Free
Informed Consent (FIC) form when they began their treatment at the
Dentistry School of UFMG.
Studied population
Histopathological reports of all patients diagnosed in pathology
clinics from 1956 to 2010, in a total of 598 files, were analyzed,
following the criteria of inclusion and exclusion.
Inclusion criteria: epithelial lining cells carcinoma diagnosed
patients; patients attended at the Clinic of Stomatology in UFMG
Dentistry School, and correctly completed clinical records.
Exclusion criteria: patients diagnosed differently than desired,
patients who do not have corrected.
Instrument for research and analysis of data: Data on age,
gender, color, reported time of injury and site of injury were collected
on all records (Table 1). The collection was done in the Dentistry
School and statistical analysis was done in the software Microsoft
Excel 2013. The data collected were grouped in some items for
statistical analysis.
Results
Demographic aspects
The research group had a higher percentage of male patients
(74.75%) than women (24.75%) (Figure 1). Some records did not
present any data regarding the gender, being allocated in the item
nothing is included (0.5%). The 6th decade of life there was a higher
prevalence (28.93%), followed by the 7th decade (20.74%) people and
then in the 5th decade (20, 40%). After these came, in descending
order, people from the 8th decade, 4th decade, 9th decade, 3rd decade, 2nd
decade, 1st decade and 10th decade. The chips that went blank added
4.68%. Among the study sample, leukoderma patients were majority
(41.64%) and melanoderma were smallest percentage (17.89%).
Pheoderma patients represented 32.94%. Chips that did not contain
this information added up to 7.53%.
Regarding the reported time of injury by the patients, most of
the files had a reported time of up to 3 months (36.80%). The second
highest percentage of the reported time was in the files that did not
include any written data, accounting for 29.93%, followed by the time
sheets of 4 to 6 months (17.4%). Then came the chips with time from
10 to 12 months, 7 to 9 months, 12 to 24 months, more than 3 years
and 24 to 36 months.
In the study, the site of the lesions that was most present in the
files was the tongue, was located in 165 cases. The region of the buccal
floor was the second most affected with 123 cases, followed by the
alveolar ridge with 117 cases. The order of the other affected sites
was: lip, palate, oropharynx and retromolar, jugal mucosa and tokens
without data named as 'does not exist'.
Among the analyzed data of female patients, a higher prevalence
of lesions is observed in patients who are in the seventh decade of
life (29.73%). Then comes the ones that are in the 6th decade, 5th
decade, 8th decade, 9th decade, 4th decade, 3rd decade and tokens that
do not include data with the same percentage, 2nd decade and 10th
decade. There was also a higher prevalence of white women (48.65%)
compared to pheoderma (25%) and melanoderma (19.59%). Chips
that did not include data added 6.76%.
Analyzing the data of the male patients, there is higher disease
prevalence in men who are in the 6th decade of life (31.10%), then
those in the 5th decade of life (23.27%). Followed by patients from the
7th decade, 8th decade, 4th decade, records that do not include data, 9th
decade, 3rd decade, 1st decade and 2nd decade in descending order. The
prevalence of skin color in men was also similar to that of women, in
which leukoderma had a higher percentage with 39.6%, followed by
pheoderma (35.57%), melanoderma (17.45%) and chips without data
(7.38%).
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 10
Clinical and tomography aspects of oral carcinoma: A- Tongue;
B- Jugal Mucosa; C- alveolar ridge; D- tomography showing invasion of the
alveolar bone. (Kindly provided by Prof. Dr. Marcelo Drummond Naves).
Discussion
In the present study, the charts used for analysis presented a large
information gap due to incomplete fillings by the students who sent
the specimens to the laboratory for histopathological analysis. At
the time of data collection an important criterion had to be adopted:
only those that had each item of analysis correctly filled out would be
analyzed, evidencing the precariousness of the information collected
during the anamnesis of the patients of the pathology clinic. For an
epidemiological survey that can contribute to the database on the
disease, correct registration is an essential factor for the adequate
quantification of patient data.
The percentage of men affected in the study (74.75%) was higher
than that of women (24.75%), as the study of Johnson et al. [6]. Those
men are more affected by the disease than women [6]. However, in
recent studies demonstrated by Arduino et al. [20]. And El-Husseiny
et al. [21] show that this discrepancy between men and women
affected by carcinoma has been decreasing especially in recent years
[20,21]. Probably due to the number of women exposed to risk factors,
especially cigarette smoking has been increasing. Brandizzi et al. [22],
in a study in Buenos Aires, showed that in the period between 1950
and 1970 the proportion of men/women affected by cancer in the oral
cavity was 7.1:1 and in the period from 1992 to 2000 the proportion
was already 1.24:1 [22]. It is also important to emphasize that women
visit dentists more frequently than men, a fact that generates more
opportunities to make a diagnosis of precancerous lesions and lesions
at an early stage, improving the patient's prognosis [23].
The study reported a higher prevalence of the disease in patients
who were in the 6th decade of life, followed by 7th and 5th decade of
life, which coincided with previous studies by Arduino et al. [20].
Who observed that the peak of the disease in his study is in patients
of the 6th and 7th decade of life [20]. Older adults were exposed to
risk factors longer, the risk factors associated with cigarette smoking,
for example, are dose-dependent in relation to daily consumption,
therefore, the prevalence in patients of this age group [16].
It was also observed in the study that in the present sample there
was a higher prevalence of leukoderma patients (41.64%). This data
coincides with the data of Weather spoon et al. [24]. Who found a
higher prevalence of the disease in white people in a study in the
United States between 2000 and 2010 [22]. However, the prevalence
of leukoderma patients contrasts with other well documented
previous studies including that of Neville and Day [8], which shows
that the percentage of cases by the population was higher among
black individuals than among whites [8]. Among the analyzed data,
more than half of the files had the reported time of the lesion up to
6 months, which may be related to the degree of injury invasiveness,
since the patients seek guidance from a professional usually when
they present pain and loss of function [25].
Regarding the location of the lesions, the tongue was the most
affected in the files, in 165 cases of the total of the study. Note that it is
very complicated to group data when it comes to lesion location data,
because depending on the severity of the case and the aggressiveness
of the lesion several sites may be affected. They were grouped as
lesions on the tongue, which included places such as the lateral
border of the tongue, the back of the tongue and the lingual belly. In
some files that had lesion location in the lingual belly, they were also
associated with the buccal floor (Figures 1-10). According to Orbak
et al. [25], the sites most affected by the disease were the lateral border
and the belly of the tongue followed by oropharynx, floor, gingiva,
buccal mucosa, lip and palate [25]. In the study, the second site most
affected was the alveolar ridge, which refers to the entire alveolar
region, covering all the mucosa supported on alveolar bone. The third
most affected site was the lip, especially the lower lip, because in the
study there was only one case in the upper lip. Lip lesions are closely
linked to exposure to ultraviolet rays, especially in people who work
under sunlight [6].
In the study, it was also observed that in female patients, the
prevalence of the disease was in women of the seventh decade of life
and in white women. In male patients, the prevalence of the disease
was in men of the sixth decade of life and in the white men. The fact
that the prevalence of the disease occurs in men younger than women
may be related to the fact that men are more exposed to risk factors
and longer than women [8].
Conclusion
In the present study sample there was a prevalence of the disease in male patients, who were in the sixth decade of life, who reported a lesion time of less than three months and with a main localization in the language, coinciding with existing studies. It was also noticed that the non-completion of the records by the students of the Faculty of Dentistry of the Federal University of Minas Gerais is a relevant issue for data collection studies, especially when analyzing records of certain populations aiming at the possibility of improving the quality of diagnosis and treatment success.
Acknowledgement
The author thanks Foundation for Research Support of the State of Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) for financial support.
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