Research Article
Post-Operative Atrial Fibrillation: Reduction of Incidence in Thoracoscopic versus Open Lobectomy for Lung Cancer
Zaheer Ahmad Tahir, Azar Hussein, Mohammed Khalil, Syed Qadri, Ahmed Habib, Mubarak Chaudhry and Mahmoud Loubani*
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, UK
*Corresponding author: Mahmoud Loubani, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, HU16 5JQ, UK
Published: 16 Feb, 2018
Cite this article as: Tahir ZA, Hussein A, Khalil M, Qadri
S, Habib A, Chaudhry M, et al. Post-
Operative Atrial Fibrillation: Reduction
of Incidence in Thoracoscopic versus
Open Lobectomy for Lung Cancer. Clin
Surg. 2018; 3: 1913.
Abstract
Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia after thoracic surgery and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and has cost implications with increased length of hospital stay. This study aims to compare the incidence of post-operative atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients who had anatomical single lobectomy by Video Assisted Thoracoscpic Surgery (VATS) versus thoracotomy. To our knowledge, such a comparison has not been reported in the literature.
Materials and Methods
At our institution, the records of all patients that underwent anatomical single lobectomy via
Video Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) and open thoracotomy between March 2013 and
June 2016 were retrospectively analysed. We sought to compare the incidence of post-operative AF
in the two groups. The exclusion criterion was history of arrhythmia. Atrial fibrillation was defined
by clinical diagnosis with confirmation on electrocardiography. Open lobectomy was performed
through a standard posterolateral thoracotomy with epidural catheters for pain control. The VATS
group underwent surgery using the anterior approach with a utility incision and two other port
incisions. Intercostal block from the third to ninth intercostal spaces was performed under direct
vision towards the end of the procedure in addition to an intercostal catheter at the level of the chest
drain for local anaesthetic infusion.
The data collated included age, sex, BMI, the side of the lobectomy, length of post-operative stay,
and the development of AF. A comparison was made to assess the incidence of post-operative AF
between the two groups.
Results
A 377 patients underwent isolated anatomical lobectomies for non-small cell lung cancer at our
institution between March 2013 and June 2016 (Table 1). 169 patients had this performed via VAT
resection versus 208 by thoracotomy. Using the Student’s t-test, there was no significant differences
between the 2 groups by age (p=0.19), FEV1 (p=0.40) and BMI (p=0.11). The overall incidence of
AF was 6.3% and found to be significantly lower in VATS group (2.9%vs9.1%, p=0.01). The side
of the lobectomy was not found to be a contributing factor and only one patient that developed
post-operative AF in the thoracotomy group had a history of ischaemic heart disease. There was no
significant difference in mortality between VATS and thoracotomy group (2.9%vs1.5%, p=0.45).
This is a retrospective study that demonstrated VATS to be superior to open thoracotomy in the
development of post-operative AF.
Discussion
AF is the most common complication following lung resection [1-4]. The incidence is reported
to range from 10%-20% [2,5,12] and is associated with other complications increasing the length
of stay with significant cost implications [5]. A number of studies have identified the risks factors
for developing AF following thoracic surgery that include age, extent of hilar dissection, preexisting
cardiac disease, red cell transfusion and use of inotropes [3,5,9,10,12,13] however, the exact
pathophysiology is likely to be multifactorial. Atrial arrhythmias peak on 2nd to 3rd day post-surgery
and likely to be associated with inflammatory changes and sympathetic hyperactivity. Age is linked
to degenerative and inflammatory changes in the atrial myocardium increasing the susceptibility
to AF [14]. A twofold increase in the white cell count on the first post-operative day corresponds
to threefold increase in risk for post-operative AF [15]. The incidence of AF amongst patients who
undergo non-thoracic surgery is lower. This may correspond to the
blunt and sharp surgical trauma to the atria and to the sympathovagal
fibres innervating the sinus node [3,4,8]. Autonomic neuronal injury
may sensitize the atrial myocardium to catecholamines increasing
susceptibility to arrhythmias [14]. The pulmonary veins are known to
be an important source of ectopics capable of perpetuating AF [16].
Manipulation around the pulmonary veins could explain the reasons
for a higher incidence of AF following pneumonectomy.
There is a controversy whether VATS reduces the incidence of
post-operative AF. Some studies have reported a significant reduction
in the VATS group [5,9,17] whilst others have failed to demonstrate
an association [7,12]. The lower incidence may be related to the fact
that VATS is associated with a less atelectasis, fewer transfusions
and pneumonia [17]. In addition, we postulate that during an open
lobectomy, there is a tendency to place the proximal staple line on
the pulmonary veins close to the pericardium to allow adequate space
for cutting between it and the distal suture close to the lung hilum.
However, in VATS, we tend to staple and divide the vein closer to the
lung hilum to prevent a long stump from obscuring the view. With less
manipulation of the vein near the pericardium, there is less trauma
and inflammation that could predispose to AF. With the absence of
rib spreading pain is better controlled in VATS. This promotes deeper
breathing, earlier mobility reducing the incidence of atelectasis and
chest infections. Pain is linked to increased levels of catecholamine
release increasing the susceptibility to atrial tachyarrhythmias [18].
Table 1
Conclusion
VATS lobectomy was associated with significant reduction in the incidence of post-operative AF when compared with the open approach. We believe more studies are needed to confirm our novel finding which will add to the list of advantages of the VATS over the open approach in the surgical resection of lung cancer.
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