Research Article
Role of Preoperative Imaging in Hand Tumors Comparative Analysis of Clinical and Radiological Prediagnosis with Histological Results in 121 Consecutive Patients
Özay Özkaya1, Ayça Ergan Sahin1*, Tolga Aksan1 and Firat Keskiner2
1Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul,
Turkey
*Corresponding author: Ayca Ergan Sahin, Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Darülaceze Caddesi, Okmeydani Eğitim ve Araştirma Hastanesi, Kat:2 Plastik Cerrahi Kliniği, Şişli, Istanbul, Turkey
Published: 21 Aug, 2017
Cite this article as: Özkaya Ö, Sahin AE, Aksan T, Keskiner
F. Role of Preoperative Imaging in
Hand Tumors Comparative Analysis of
Clinical and Radiological Prediagnosis
with Histological Results in 121
Consecutive Patients. Clin Surg. 2017;
2: 1594.
Abstract
Background: Tumors of the hand and wrist differ from tumors located elsewhere in the body.
Preoperative radiologic imaging is frequently requested in hand tumors, mostly with an aim to
contribute to preoperative diagnosis and define tumor extent. The purpose of our study was to
perform an analysis of primary tumors of the hand in 121 patients and assess the role of preoperative
radiological imaging in hand tumors.
Methods: Between 2007 and 2011, we operated 112 patients due to primary soft tissue and bone
tumors of the hand. Patient demographics, tumor location, affected side (right or left), clinical
prediagnosis, requested radiologic examinations and radiologic prediagnosis, treatment protocol,
recurrences during the postoperative follow up period were recorded. Pathology reports were
analyzed and compared with the preoperative diagnosis based on radiologic studies and clinical
diagnosis.
Results: Ganglion cysts were the most common tumor type, constituting 25% (n=30) of the tumors,
followed by giant-cell tumors of tendon sheath (GCTTS) and lipomas with rates 13% (n=16),
and 12% (n=15), respectively. Among these patients, the most frequently requested radiological
methods were MRI in 84% (n=69), USG in 13.4%, and CT in 2.4%. Comparison according to tumor
type showed that MRI was 84.6% sensitive for lipoma, 62.5% for ganglion cyst, 57.1% for giant-cell
tumor of tendon sheath, and 55.6% for hemangioma. Accuracy of clinical prediagnosis without any
radiological imaging was 76.8%.
Conclusion: The result of the present study suggest that although preoperative imaging methods
are useful for predicting local extension of tumor and tumor size, they are inferior to clinical
examination in the diagnosis of hand tumors.
Keywords: Hand; Neoplasms; Connective tissue; Radiographic image interpretation
Introduction
Tumors of the hand are seen commonly in hand surgery practice. Any structures including
bones, connective tissues, neural and vascular structures may give rise to these lesions. Swelling,
limitation of movement and localized tenderness are the most common presenting symptoms.
The keys to effective management are meticulous examination and accurate prediagnosis prior to
definitive treatment. The history and location of a lesion are helpful in differentiating between benign
and malignant processes, however histological examination is necessary for a definitive diagnosis.
Although a comprehensive history, physical examination, and plain x-rays are may be adequate for
preoperative diagnosis, especially inexperienced surgeons use multiple radiologic imaging methods
for an accurate diagnosis [1]. Imaging methods are unable to differentiate between benignity and
malignancy, but in many circumstances a specific diagnosis may be achieved by taking into account
the location and the extension of the lesion within the hand or wrist.
Plain radiographs, computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) are currently the most commonly used modalities in the evaluation of hand tumors [2]. Plain radiographs and computer tomography (CT) are sensitive
for soft tissue calcifications, bone involvement and ossification, all
which can assist with characterization. However, they have limitations
in the detection or evaluation of most soft-tissue lesions in the hand,
and other imaging techniques may be required [3]. Ultrasound (USG)
is useful in localizing the lesions and differentiating cystic from solid
[4]. MRI has become the primary method for identifying and staging
soft tissue masses within the hand or wrist. MRI also describes the
main features, specifically the signal characteristic and location, of
the soft tissue masses [5]. The majority of soft tissue tumors of the
hand are benign tumors. Preoperative clinic diagnosis according to
patient’s history and physical examination findings often might be
enough for planning. The purpose of our study was to perform an
analysis of primary tumors of the hand in 121 patients and 1) establish
lesion distribution patterns and common histological diagnosis, 2)
describe the radiologic imaging features of primary tumors of the
hand, 3) comparative analysis of preoperative clinical prediagnosis
and radiologic prediagnosis with postoperative histological results, 4)
assess the role of preoperative radiological imaging in hand tumors.
Patients and Methods
All patients operated in our department between January of 2007
and June of 2011 for the removal of benign bone or soft tissue tumors
of the hand were retrospectively analyzed. Patient demographics,
tumor location, affected side (right or left), clinical prediagnosis,
requested radiologic examinations and radiologic prediagnosis,
treatment protocol, recurrences during the postoperative follow up
period were recorded. Pathology reports were analyzed for all patients
and compared with the preoperative diagnosis based on radiologic
studies and clinical diagnosis. Radiological diagnosis sensitivity was
calculated by dividing the number of true positive results (TP) to the
sum of true positive (TP) and the false negative (FN) results, where
sensitivity (%)=[TP/(TP+FN)] × 100.
Statistical analysis
Ratio and frequency values were used for complementary
statistics of data. Analysis of ratio data was performed with the chi
square test using the SPSS 20.0 software.
Chart 1
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 2
Black color ratios: Localisation of tumors in the hand, red color
ratios: Digital distributions.
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Results
During the four year period, 121 patients were operated. Forty seven were male, and 74 were female. Mean age was 39 years (range: 4-80 years). Fifty four percent of the tumors were on the right hand, and 46% were on the left. Tumor dimensions ranged from 0.25 cm2 to 27 cm2. Ganglion cysts were the most common tumor type, constituting 25% (n=30) of the tumors, followed by giant-cell tumors of tendon sheath (GCTTS) and lipomas with rates 13% (n=16), and 12% (n=15), respectively. Except of one malignant soft tissue sarcoma case (0.8%) all tumors was benign. Chart 1 and Figure 1 shows type of hand tumors. Thirty-one percent of the tumors were located in the wrist, 28.1% in the palmer area, and 22.3% in the proximal phalangeal level (Figure 2). Mean follow up period was 2.1 years (11 months to 4 years). A radiograph was taken preoperatively in all patients, and at least one other radiologic imaging method was used addition to direct radiography in 82 patients (68%). Additional radiological imaging prompted by our clinic in only 14, 8 percent (n=18) of the patients. Other patients were referred with radiological imaging by first or second degree health care institutions for surgery. Among these patients, the most frequently requested radiological methods were MRI in 84% (n=69), USG in 13.4%, and CT in 2.4%. The tumors were excised taking into consideration their location, size and characteristics. The long term follow up performed with hand examination. Total recurrence rate after surgery was 4.1% (n=5), and they occurred after excision of GCTTS in 3 patients, and aspiration of ganglion cysts in 2 patients. Patients with recurrences underwent excision. Results of examination were compared with the preoperative clinical diagnosis and radiological examination for each patient. Of the 121 patients with a clinical prediagnosis of hand tumors 76.8% were confirmed with histopathologic results. The clinical diagnosis had an accuracy of 96.6 % for ganglion cysts, 81.2 % for GCTS, 86.6% for lipoma, and 60% for vascular anomalies and 58.6% for others. Accuracy rate found 52.4% in all of 82 patients who underwent radiographic imaging. Diagnostic accuracy of clinical diagnosis was significantly (p=0.000< 0.001) higher in comparison with radiological imaging methods (Figure 3). When we examine radiological imaging separately, MRI was found to be 53.6% sensitive for all types of hand tumors. Comparison according to tumor type showed that MRI was 84.6% sensitive for lipoma, 62.5% for ganglion cyst, 57.1% for giantcell tumor of tendon sheath, and 55.6% for hemangioma (Figure 4). Examples of the preoperative, preoperative photographs of the patients with the imaging studies for different type hand tumors are shown in Figure 5-12. USG was used in eleven patients with tumors on the wrist. Pathology revealed ganglion cysts in all of these patients, and USG was 54.5% sensitive for the diagnosis. The difference between the sensitivity of USG and MRI was not significant (p>0.05). CT was used in 2 patients with bone tumors of the fingers, and it failed to diagnose enchondroma in both patients.
Discussion
Tumors of the hand and wrist differ from tumors located
elsewhere in the body with respect to their frequency, variability,
and clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic properties. Because of
the majority of soft tissue tumors of the hand are benign tumors,
preoperative patient’s history and physical examination findings are
usually enough for surgical planning. Except of the common type of
tumors, in complicated cases, preoperative imaging could be useful
for the surgeon. In this situation, it is therefore important that the
surgeon knows which imaging method has a greater sensitivity
for different types of tumors. The sensitivity of a test refers to how
many cases of a disease a particular test can find. Normally, all
patients should evaluate with the same imaging method and should
be reported by the same experienced radiologist to investigate the
sensitivity of any imaging method. However, the starting point of
our work is retrospective evaluation of the patients who randomly
referred us for operation from other clinics with different imaging
methods in their hand. Ganglions are the most common benign soft tissue tumors of the hand and wrist, forming 50% to 60% of all soft
tissue tumors of the hand. In our study, although the most common
benign soft tissue tumors were ganglions, their frequency was 25%,
which was lower than the rates reported in the literature. The most
common site is the dorsal aspect of the wrist (60%), where they arise
from the scapholunate joint or ligament [6]. Diagnosis of ganglia is
made by a triple test which includes history, physical examination
and transillumination. Triple test is 90% specific for the diagnosis of
ganglion cysts. In our study triple test was 96.6% specific for ganglion
cysts. It should be noted that solid benign peripheral nerve tumors of
the hand can transillumination and be mistaken for ganglionic cysts
[7]. USG and MRI are useful in the diagnosis. USG shows an anechoic
or hypoechoic, well defined, round or oval mass, and MRI shows a
unilocular or multilocular, rounded or lobular mass with a fluid signal
and adjacent to a joint or tendon sheath [5,8,9]. In our study although
there was no significant difference between the sensitivities of MRI
and USG in the diagnosis of ganglion cysts, clinical prediagnosis
were more accuracy than both imaging methods with significant
difference. Although Anderson et al. [10] found that the sensitivity of
MRI is 89% for diagnosis of ganglia, this ratio was 62.5% in our study.
We believe that this significant difference in our study is dependent on the radiologist. Anderson’s study was performed with two
experienced radiologists and using a standard protocol. In our study
however, the MRI examinations were performed at various centers
and evaluated by different radiologists. The main treatment options in
ganglion cysts are aspiration and surgical excision. Aspiration of the
ganglion is associated with a high recurrence rate up to 58%. In our
study, two patients had already undergone aspiration for alleviation
of symptoms, and both had a recurrence. Surgery remains the most
effective treatment in the management of ganglia, and has the highest
levels of patient satisfaction. Careful excision of the entire lesion,
which includes a portion of the joint capsule or ligament, has a local
recurrence rate of 5%. In the literature, giant cell tumor of the tendon
sheath (GCTTS) is often reported as the second most common
benign tumor of the hand. GCTTS was the third most common
tumor in our study, preceded by lipomas. GCTTS is a benign tumor
with local aggressive behavior in some cases, and can recur in 5% to
50% of patients following surgery [11]. The recurrence rate of GCTTS
was 18.7% in our study. These tumors present as firm, nontender
nodules most commonly found on the volar surface of the fingers or
hand. Clinically, they are slow growing lesions, and unlike ganglia,
do not fluctuate in size. They do not transillumination. Radiographs
are important because they can show abnormal features either in the
form of cortical compression or intraosseous involvement [11,12].
MRI is the most conclusive preoperative tool because GCTTS shows
characteristic features, including low signal intensity on both T1-
and T2-weighted images equal to that of skeletal muscle [12,13].
Recently, Kitagawa et al. [14] stated that MR imaging could depict the
characteristic internal signal of GCTTS. Moreover, it could accurately
assess the tumor size and degree of extension around the phalanx,
which can affect the type of surgical approach. On ultrasonography,
GCTTS appears as a solid homogeneous hypoechoic mass. Ultrasound
is very useful in the distinction between a ganglion and GCTTS [15].
Ultrasonography also provides useful information about the tumor
vascularity, size and its relationship with the surrounding tissues. In
our study clinical prediagnosis accuracy was 81.2% for GCTTS, which
is statistical significant higher than imaging methods.
Lipomas were the second most common tumor of the hand in
our study, in contrast with the literature [16]. They are slow growing,
non-tender masses that do not transillumination. Imaging methods
due to differential diagnosis are not necessary except of symptomatic
neurologic complications due to extension of carpal or guyon tunnel.
In this cases MRI is most useful imaging method. Plain radiographs
are sensitive for soft tissue calcification and ossification which
can assist with characterization. On plain radiographs, lipomas
may demonstrate the so-called Bufalini sign. This is a relatively
radiolucent area within the tissue and signifies rarefaction of the
tissue via fatty tumor presence. An MRI characteristically shows a
well-circumscribed mass that mirrors the appearance of the normal
mature fat on both T1 and T2 images. In our study there were no
significant statistical difference to diagnosis of lipoma between MRI
and clinical prediagnosis. Primary malignant soft tissue tumor of
the hand is uncommon and of all tumors in the hand, 1% to 2% is
malignant. In our study malignant tumor ratio was 0.8. An optimal
imaging technique should include proper positioning, Specific
protocols for the suspected abnormalities and dedicated surface coils
for MRI [17].
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 7
Preoperative photograph demonstrates soft tissue mass at the
dorsum of the hand, adjacent to fifth metacarpophalangeal joint.
Figure 8
Figure 8
MRI fingings of patient in figure 7: Lobulated, well-demarcated
enhancing mass lateral to the extansor tendon of the fifth finger at the level
of metacarpophalangeal joint.
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 11
MR image shows well-demarcated, contrast enhanced
subcutaneous nodular mass adjacent to first carpometa.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Intraoperative photograph demonstrates the nodular yellowish
mass adjacent to radial cutaneous nevre branches (Shwannoma) carpal joint.
Conclusion
The findings of our study showed that radiologic studies were inferior to clinical examination in the diagnosis of hand tumors. Although they were useful in determining the location and extent of the tumor, they did not change the type of operation. Characterization of hand tumors by radiologic studies is radiologist dependent, therefore the sensitivity and cost-effectiveness of these studies should always be considered prior to their request.
References
- Gibbs CP, Peabody TD, Simon MA. Classification, clinical features, preoperative assessment and staging of soft tissue tumors. Curr Orthopaed. 1997;11(2):75-82.
- Gilbert TJ Jr, Thompson RC Jr. Imaging of soft tissue tumors. Curr Orthopaed. 1997;11(2):83-97.
- Johnstone AJ, Beggs I. Ultrasound imaging of soft-tissue masses in the extremities. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1994;76(5):688-9.
- Hoglund M, Muren C, Brattstrom G. A statistical model for ultrasound diagnosis of soft-tissue tumours in the hand and forearm. Acta Radiol. 1997;38(3):355-8.
- Teh J, Whiteley G. MRI of soft tissue masses of the hand and wrist. Br J Radiol. 2007;80(949):47-63.
- Miles SJ, Amirfeyz R, Bhatia R, Leslie I. Benign soft tissue tumours of the hand. Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2010;24(3):181-5.
- Daines SB, Strauch RJ. Not all that transilluminates is a ganglion cyst: two transilluminating solid nerve tumors of the hand. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;125(2):86e-88e.
- Dias JJ, Dukharam V, Kumar P. The natural history of dorsal wrist ganglia and patient reported outcome 6 years after intervention. J Hand Surg. 2007;32(5):502-8.
- Thornburg LE. Ganglions of the hand and wrist. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1999;7(4):231-8.
- Anderson SE, Steinbach LS, Stauffer E, Voegelin E. MRI for differentiating ganglion and synovitis in the chronic painful wrist. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186(3):812-8.
- Uriburu IJ, Levy VD. Intraosseous growth of giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath (localized nodular tenosynovitis) of the digits: report of 15 cases. J Hand Surg. 1998;23(4):732-6.
- Karasick D, Karasick P. Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath: spectrum of radiological findings. Skeletal Radiol. 1992;21(4):219-24.
- Peh WC, Truong NP, Totty WG, Gilula LA. Pictorial review: magnetic resonance imaging of benign soft tissue masses of the hand and wrist. Clin Radiol. 1995;50(8):519-25.
- Kitagawa Y, Ito H, Amano Y, Sawaizumi T, Takeuchi T. MR imaging for preoperative diagnosis and assessment of local tumor extent on localized giant cell tumor of tendon sheath. Skeletal Radiol. 2003;32(11):633-8.
- Middleton WD, Patel V, Teefey SA, Boyer MI. Giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath: analysis of sonographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183(2):337-9.
- Cribb GL, Cool WP, Ford DJ, Mangham DC. Giant lipomatous tumours of the hand and forearm. J Hand Surg Br. 2005;30(5):509-12.
- Clavero JA, Alomar X, Monill JM, Esplugas M, Golano P, Mendoza M, et al. MR imaging of ligament and tendon injuries of the fingers. Radiographics. 2002;22(2):237-56.