Research Article
Decreasing Postoperative Pain Following Endometrial Ablation
Jordan Klebanoff1*, Nima R. Patel2 and Matthew K. Hoffman1
1Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Christiana Care Health System, USA
2Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecology, Christiana Care Health System, USA
*Corresponding author: Jordan Klebanoff, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 4755 Ogle town-Stanton Road, Suite1905 Newark, DE 19718, USA
Published: 24 Apr, 2017
Cite this article as: Klebanoff J, Patel NR, Hoffman
MK. Decreasing Postoperative Pain
Following Endometrial Ablation. Clin
Surg. 2017; 2: 1414.
Abstract
Objective: We sought to determine if paracervical injection of local anesthesia decreases postoperative pain in women undergoing endometrial ablation under general anesthesia.
Design: We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive women who had a secondgeneration
(Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA), Hydrothermablation (HTA) or Thermachoice
II (UBA)) endometrial ablation for benign indications under general anesthesia. Our primary
outcome was postoperative pain at 1 h assessed using a validated 10-point visual analog scale (VAS).
Our primary exposure was injection of local anesthetic as a paracervical block. Secondary outcomes
included immediate postoperative pain, postoperative pain at discharge, amount of postoperative
narcotics, and need for anti-emetics.
Setting: Single academic affiliated community hospital.
Patients: Our study included 124 women who underwent second-generation endometrial ablation
between August 2015 and October 2015 at a single institution.
Intervention: Paracervical block following second-generation endometrial ablation.
Results: Device distribution was as follows: 93 RFA (75%), 26 HTA (21%), and 5 Thermachoice II
ablations (4%). 82 women (66%) received a paracervical block immediately following completion
of the ablation. Comparing those women who received a paracervical block with those that did
not, there was no statistically significant difference for immediate postoperative pain (median=0
vs. 0, p=0.26), postoperative pain at 1 hour (median=2 vs. 2, p=0.42), or pain at time of discharge
(median=3 vs. 2 respectively, p=0.77). Mean amount of postoperative morphine required was 5.1
mg for women with no paracervical block versus 5.2 mg for women receiving a paracervical block
(p=0.52).
Conclusion: Local anesthesia in addition to general anesthesia does not confer any significant
reduction in postoperative pain following endometrial ablation, nor does it reduce the amount of
narcotic administered.
Keywords: Endometrial ablation; Hydrothermablation; Radiofrequency Ablation; Local anesthesia
Introduction
Destruction of the endometrial lining to control abnormal uterine bleeding may provide a
means to avoid major surgery in women desiring symptom relief. Endometrial ablation is ideally
performed in premenopausal women with normal uterine cavities who have completed childbearing,
and are bothered by their menstrual bleeding [1]. These procedures are commonly performed in
either physician’s offices or short-stay surgical centers. In these settings, patient comfort must be a
priority to allow the patient to remain an outpatient, and as such, a variety of anesthetic techniques
are utilized. Depending on the practice climate, physician preference, or institution protocols, the
type of anesthesia utilized for the procedure may vary from general to local.
Data have shown that local anesthesia in the form a paracervical block is an acceptable anesthetic
technique when performing office endometrial ablations [2-8]. However, data are scarce regarding
postoperative pain following endometrial ablations performed under general anesthesia. The aim
of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of local anesthesia as an adjunct to general anesthesia, in our
large patient population, in meaningfully decreasing postoperative pain.
Materials and Methods
Once institutional review board approval had been received,
we performed a retrospective chart analysis of women who had
undergone an endometrial ablation from July 2015 through October
2015. Women were included if they were between the ages of 18 to
55 and had undergone a Radiofrequency Ablation (NovaSure RFA;
Cytyc Surgical Products, Palo Alto, California), Hydrothermablation
(HTA, Hydro ThermAblator, Boston Scientific, Marlborough,
Massachusetts), or Thermachoice II Uterine Balloon Ablation (UBA,
ThermaChoice; Gynecare, Somerville, New Jersey) for a benign
indication at our single academic-affiliated community hospital
surgical center. All patients were identified using the hospital’s
contemporaneous electronic database. Data was extracted by
using relevant Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for
endometrial ablation. Women were excluded if they had a diagnosis of
gynecologic malignancy, if their endometrial ablation was performed
by a modality other than RFA, HTA, or UBA, or if the endometrial
ablation was not attempted. Data regarding the device utilized,
indication, and procedure completion was obtained from review of
individual operative reports. The choice of device utilized, as well as
the use of additional local anesthesia in the form of a paracervical
block, was based on physician preference.
At the study institution, all endometrial ablations are performed
in the on-site outpatient surgical center. All patients undergoing
endometrial ablations do so under general anesthesia in accordance
with institutional policy. Intraoperative narcotics and non-steroidals
are administered as needed and this decision is left to the discretion of
the anesthesia provider. For all paracervical blocks the injected solution
is 0.25% Bupivacaine (MarcaineTM, Bupivacaine Hydrochloride
Injection, Pfizer Inc., New York City, NY). The technique and amount
injected was at the discretion of the operating physician. All patients
undergoing a procedure under general anesthesia at our institution
must remain in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) for a minimum
of 1 h. The PACU at the study center is divided into two phases. Phase
1 is the initial recovery and patients must remain there for a minimum
of 30 min. Each patient’s postoperative pain is assessed every 10 min
by a registered nurse while in Phase 1. Once advanced to Phase 2,
patients are assessed every 15 min by a registered nurse. Patients must
remain in Phase 2 also for a minimum of 30 min. Advancement from
Phase 1 to Phase 2 is dependent upon a patient’s clinical presentation,
hemodynamic stability, and the discretion of the PACU nurse. If
postoperative pain scores are greater than 4 out of 10 at any point
in PACU, patients are offered intravenous or oral narcotics based on
their ability to swallow pills at the time of the assessment. At each assessment, patient’s vital signs are monitored, as well as complaints of nausea or vomiting; anti-emetics are utilized as needed.
The primary outcome evaluated was immediate postoperative
pain following the procedure. Pain scores were based on a visual
analog scale from 0 through 10. Secondary outcomes included
postoperative pain at 1 h from completion of the procedure, pain at
the time of discharge, age, body mass index (BMI), race/ethnicity,
insurance, and use of a paracervical block, ablation device utilized,
postoperative narcotics administered, and postoperative anti-emetics
administered. All data were extracted through electronic chart review
by the principal investigator. All narcotics administered in PACU
were converted to morphine equivalents based on the institution’s
conversion chart [9].
Results
Between July and October of 2015 we identified 124 women
who underwent an endometrial ablation at our academic-affiliated
community hospital. Device distribution was as follows: 93 (75%) RFA
(NovaSure RFA; Cytyc Surgical Products, Palo Alto, California), 26
(21%) HTA (Hydro Therm Ablator, Boston Scientific, Marlborough,
Massachusetts), and 5 (4%) UBA (Therma Choice; Gynecare,
Somerville, New Jersey). There was no statistically significant
difference between groups regarding basic demographic data (Table
1). The mean age (± standard deviation) at the time of ablation was
42.9 ± 5.4 years and mean BMI was 30.5 ± 7.5. The majority of women
in this study identified as white (71%) with the next most represented
race being African American (25%).
82 (66%) women received a paracervical block at the completion
of the procedure; 42 (34%) women received no additional local
anesthesia. There was no statistically significant association
between women receiving a paracervical block and type of ablation
device utilized (p=0.32). Comparing those women who received a
paracervical block with those that did not, there was no statistically
significant difference for immediate postoperative pain (median=0
vs. 0, p=0.26), postoperative pain at 1 h (median=2 vs. 2, p=0.42), or
pain at discharge (median=3 vs. 2, p=0.77) (Figure 1). Mean amount
of postoperative morphine equivalents was 5.2 (95%CI 3.9-6.4) mg
for women receiving a paracervical block and 5.1 (95%CI 3.2-7.0)
mg for women not receiving a paracervical block (p=0.52). There
was no statistically significant difference in amount of postoperative
antiemetic administered between women who received a paracervical
block and those that did not (Zofran p=0.68; Phenergan p=0.32).
Figure 1
Figure 1
Postoperative pain following endometrial ablation in women with and without a paracervical block.
Table 1
Discussion
We identified 124 women who underwent an endometrial
ablation in a 4-months study period. All endometrial ablations were
performed under general. The majority of these women, 66%, received
local anesthesia, in the form of a paracervical block, in addition to
general anesthesia. We found that administering a paracervical block
following an endometrial ablation under general anesthesia does not
confer any significant reduction in postoperative pain. There was no
statistically significant difference in the primary outcome, immediate
postoperative pain, or in any of the secondary outcomes evaluated.
Paracervical block has been a proven anesthetic technique for
patients undergoing endometrial ablations [2-4] Wallage “et al.”
[2] compared local anesthesia to general anesthesia with regard to
patient acceptability, intraoperative pain, and postoperative recovery.
This study found that local anesthesia was acceptable to a majority of
women undergoing microwave endometrial ablation; however, there
was no recovery advantage to local anesthesia and 10% of women
starting with local anesthesia were converted to general secondary to
intraoperative discomfort [2]. When assessed using a 10-point visual
analog scale, pain scores following endometrial ablation are generally
low regardless of anesthetic technique [4,10]. In a prospective cohort
study of 33 women performed in a single teaching institution,
23(69%) had a pain score of 0 after 24 h [4]. In a prospective
randomized cohort study of 41 women randomized to either a
fentanyl patch or paracervical block the median pain scores over a 24
h period from the time of procedure completion for the paracervical
block group was 5.2/10 [5]. Low postoperative pain scores combined
with the convenience of local anesthesia make endometrial ablation
a very acceptable office procedure. However, at this study institution
all endometrial ablations are performed under general anesthesia
with intraoperative narcotics administered at the discretion of the
anesthesia provider. All patients, unless contraindicated, also receive
intravenous Ketorolac following the procedure.
This study has several limitations. The findings are limited to the
retrospective nature of the study, which has inherent bias. Due to the
small cohort size, this study may lack the power to detect a difference
in immediate postoperative pain following endometrial ablation.
The technique for paracervical block and amount of local anesthetic
injected could not be standardized, and was based on physician
preference. Endometrial ablations, in general, are well tolerated and
patients tend to have minimal postoperative pain thereby making
it difficult to detect a significant difference in pain scores between
patient groups without a very large sample size. In addition, there
was no way to control for variance in anesthesia practice in terms of
how much and when narcotics were administered to the patient in
the operating room during and immediately following the procedure,
which certainly can influence a patient’s postoperative pain. Due
to the design of this study there was no way to accurately assess for
patient gravity/parity, uterine size, or presence of uterine pathology.
Strengths of this study come from the inclusion of all the ablation
methods available during the study time period as well as the diversity
of surgeons. This illustrates the generalizability of the results. To the
author’s knowledge this is the first evaluation of postoperative pain
following endometrial ablation under general anesthesia. This data
can help providers make evidence based decisions when performing
ablations under similar circumstances. More prospective data is
needed to determine if there is any significant benefit to patients by
performing an additional procedure, such as a paracervical block,
during endometrial ablation under general anesthesia.
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