Research Article
Convertion of a Long-Lasting Percutaneous InternalExternal Biliary Drainage into a Totally Implantable Device Using a PORT Chamber: Early Results
Sponza M1, Pravisani P2, Lorenzin D2, Seriau L2*, Baccarani U2, Bresadola V2, Vit A1 and Risaliti A2
1Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Academic Hospital of Udine, Italy
2General Surgery and Transplantation Unit, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Academic Hospital of Udine, Italy
*Corresponding author: Luca Seriau, General Surgery and Transplantation Unit, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Academic Hospital of Udine, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia 15, Udine (33100), Italy
Published: 27 Jun, 2016
Cite this article as: Sponza M, Pravisani P, Lorenzin D, Seriau L, Baccarani U, Bresadola V, et al. Convertion of a Long-Lasting Percutaneous Internal-External Biliary Drainage into a Totally Implantable Device Using a PORT Chamber: Early Results. Clin Surg. 2016; 1: 1069.
Abstract
Purpose: With the aim to improve the patient's quality of life and to minimize the complications related to a long-lasting indwelling catheter, we developed a new technique of connecting an internalexternal
(I/E) biliary catheter to a subcutaneous PORT chamber. In our study, the technique is
described and the related clinical outcomes are analyzed.
Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study on a clinical series of 27 patients affected by biliary stricture under treatment with expected long-lasting percutaneous I/E biliary drainage. A
Quality Of Life (QoL) questionnaire was applied to support the analysis of the outcomes.
Results: The cause of biliary stricture was benign in 24 patients and neoplastic in 3. The mean
duration of the biliary PORT was 12.4 month (range 1.9-20.6) and the indications for its removal
were stenosis resolution in 21 cases, subcutaneous infection questionnaires of the chamber site in
3 cases (11.1%), recurrent cholangitis in 2 cases. No cases of complete and not reversible biliary
PORT obstruction occurred. In those cases who had the PORT removed due to complications, the
substitution of the catheter with a percutaneous internal-external drainage was carried out without
additional difficulties. The questionnaire on the QoL reported that the patients felt themselves less
restricted by the PORT then by I/E drainage regarding personal hygiene, clothing sleeping, daily
activities, social life, routine medication, and pain.
Conclusion: The procedure seems feasible and promising, particularly regarding the positive
impact on the patient’s quality of life. However, wider clinical series are needed for more conclusive results.
Keywords: Biliary stricture; PORT; Internal-external drainage; Biliary catheter; Quality of life
Introduction
Several lesions may produce a biliary stricture and can be classified as malign or benign.
Cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma or liver metastasis are the
most frequent malign causes. Benign stricture can have a post-traumatic, iatrogenic, inflammatory,
ischemic, immunological, congenital or idiopathic etiology. Iatrogenic represents the most frequent
form [1-5]. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is complicated by biliary stricture in 0.2-0.7% of the
cases, usually due to direct lesion by bile duct ligation or clipping, or due to bile duct wall ischemia
from dissection and thermal injury [1-3]. Risk factors for stricture at a choledochojejunostomy are
leakage of the anastomosis, small stoma size, ischemia and placement of stents at the stoma [1,3].
Biliary stenosis after liver transplantation is classified as anastomotic or non-anastomotic.
Duct-to-duct anastomosis may complicate as a result of tension, kinking, ischemia, bile leakage
or infection [1,2,4,6]. Non anastomotic strictures occur in form of multiple intrahepatic lesions.
Related risk factors are ischemic injury due to hepatic artery thrombosis, long warm and cold
ischemic times, reperfusion injury or immunological-induced injuries [1,2,4,6].
The cholestasis sustained by biliary strictures exposes the affected patients to severe complications
as sepsis secondary to cholangitis and hepatic biliary cirrhosis [2,4,6].
The current therapeutic management of biliary stricture is primarily based on endoscopic or
percutaneous radiologic procedures which both aim to re-establish
the patency of the bile duct and to calibrate the stricture by dilating
it with a balloon and placing a stent or a catheter [1-3,5]. The
effectiveness of the treatment depends particularly on the duration of
the stent/catheter in situ at the biliary stricture [2,3,7]. However, the
expected results are also related to the underlying cause of the stricture,
thus being curative in case of benign lesion and palliative in case of
malign lesion [4,8]. Both endoscopic and percutaneous approaches
show advantages and disadvantages in terms of invasiveness of the
positioning procedure, risks of infection or obstruction, possibility of
clinical control of the draining function and comfort for the patient
[1,2,6,7,9]. We present hereafter the preliminary results of a new
technique of managing Internal-External (I/E) biliary catheters by
connecting them to a subcutaneous PORT chamber. The aim is to
improve the patient's quality of life and to minimize the complications
related to a long-lasting indwelling catheter.
Table 1
Table 2
Material and Methods
Between 2010 and 2014, 27 patients with an I/E biliary drainage
due to biliary stricture were submitted to subcutaneous implant of a
PORT chamber connected to the biliary catheter. Clinical indication
for the procedure was biliary stenosis under treatment with expected
long-lasting percutaneous I/E biliary drainage. All clinical data of
the patients and the postoperative complications were prospectively
recorded and analyzed. A procedure-related complication or failure
was considered in case of PORT site infection, recurrent cholangitis
or obstructive jaundice, catheter dislodgement or obstruction.
The aim was to analyze the effect on the quality of life of
converting a percutaneous catheter to a totally implantable device, all
the patients were required to answer a series of questions regarding
their functional status 6 month after the procedure. The studyspecific
questionnaire was derived from a previously published study
[10] which compared the impact on the quality of life of periferically
inserted central venous catheter (PICC) versus subcutaneously
implanted port-chamber catheter (Table 1).
The questions focused on 8 items of the daily life which could
be altered or hindered by the presence of an invasive medical device
(A- personal hygiene, B- clothing, C-sleep, D- daily activities/work
activities, E- social life, F-routine medications and controls, G- pain/
discomfort). Therefore, the patients were asked to assess qualitatively
as "improved", "worsened" or "unchanged" the specific aspects of
their present functional status with the PORT in comparison to the
previous period with the I/E catheter.
The technique
The procedure was performed under local anesthesia by a Senior
Surgeon and a Senior Interventional Radiologist. After the substitution
of the biliary catheter (Flexina 10F Boston Scientific®
, Boston, US) a subcutaneous pouch was created in the right abdominal upper
quadrant with an incision of 3 cm. The catheter was thereafter tunneled
from the percutaneous access to the pouch site. The connection of the
catheter to the Power Port (Bard Medical® , Louisville, GA) required milling the locking system of the PORT with a 4 mm drill bit in order
to fit the chamber to catheter’s caliber. Thus the PORT was inserted
in the pouch and the wound was closed as usual with subcuticular
resorbable stitches. An antibiotic prophylaxis with quinolones was
given for 10 days to minimize the risk of wound infection. Seriated
clinical controls with PORT wash-out with 20-40cc normal saline
solution via a Huber needle were attained every 2 months. The status
of the stricture was evaluated with cholangiography trans-PORT
every 6 months or on demand.
Table 3
Table 3
Initial site of recurrence.
LN: Lymph Node; LND: Lymph Node Dissection; LNM: Lymph Node Metastasis
Results
The study population constitutes of 10 women and 17 men with a
mean age of 65.8 years (range 41-79) (Table 2).
Ten patients had received Liver Transplantation (LT) (37%):
among these, the initial hepatic disease was end-stage cirrhosis in 5
cases, hepatocellular carcinoma in 3 cases, sclerosing cholangitis and
fulminant hepatitis in 1 case respectively.
Overall, the cause of biliary stenosis was anastomotic stricture post
bilio enterostomy Roux-en-Y loop in 11 cases (40.74%), anastomotic
stricture post duct-to-duct anastomosis in LT in 7 cases (25.92%),
iatrogenic injury secondary to Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC) in
5 cases (18.52%) or after ERCP in 1 case (3.7%), advanced gallbladder
carcinoma and stage IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma in 1 (3.7%) and 2
(7.41%) cases respectively.
The bilio enterostomy was used as a second-line salvage
surgical procedure for the treatment of a previous biliary stricture
(anastomotic or LC related) in 4 cases.
In all cases the stenosis was located in the extrahepatic biliary
system. In 2 patients with anastomotic stricture post duct-to-duct
anastomosis in LT, there were also multiple intrahepatic stenosis due
To Ischemic type Biliary Lesion (ITBL).
In 3 cases there was also a cholelitiasis associated with the
strictures. Previous recurrent cholangitis were reported in 16 cases
and 14 had been submitted to ERCP-guided stenting or ballooning
dilatation without effect.
The mean duration of the PORT was 12.4 months (range 1.9-20.6)
and the indications for PORT removal were stenosis resolution in 21
cases, subcutaneous infection of the PORT site in 3 cases (11.1%), and
recurrent cholangitis in 2 cases (1 case with concomitant cholangitis
and PORT site infection) (Table 3). At 1 year control a trans-PORT
cholangiography demonstrated persistence of the biliary stricture
in 17 cases. Therefore the PORT was maintained considering the
increased surgical risk in case of reoperation and the absence of signs
of cholestasis or PORT malfunction/complications.
In 3 patients the underlying cause of biliary stricture was neoplastic:
one patient developed a PORT site infection under chemotherapy
treatment 2 months after the implant and consequently the PORT
was removed and substituted with an I/E catheter; the other 2 patients
maintained the biliary PORT for 9.2 and 12 months respectively
without complications until they died due to tumor progression.
No cases of complete and not reversible PORT obstruction
occurred. In those cases that had the PORT removed due to
complications, the substitution of the catheter with a percutaneous
internal external drainage was carried out without additional
difficulties.
As 2 patients had the PORT removed before the 6-months’
check up on Quality Of Life (QoL), the analysis was conducted on the
remaining 25 patients.
Regarding the impact of converting the I/E drainage into a
subcutaneous PORT, the questionnaires on the QoL reported that
the patients felt themselves less restricted by the PORT then by I/E
drainage at all the 8 investigated items of the daily life. The greatest
improvement was registered for personal hygiene (88%) and routine
medication (84%). 3 patients reported a worsening of the sleep.
A closer analysis of the result in these cases allowed to record that
the patients felt less worried for the risk of accidentally remove the
catheter while sleeping but the presence of the PORT somehow forced
them to change their usual sleeping position. In the only patient who
referred a worsening of the discomfort and of the capability to attain
to the daily activity, the PORT was probably placed too close to the
costal considering that the patient was really slim and that his daily
activities implied sitting at a desk for several hours per day. However,
the overall results outlined that, as expected, the PORT placement
determined a significant improvement in the social life and daily
activities. Patients felt relieved from the concern of having a dressing
under the clothes and from the worry of any complication of the
indwelling catheter.
Discussion
Whether endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage or percutaneous
transhepatic biliary drainage is chosen as treatment after diagnosis
of a biliary stricture depends on the status of the biliary stricture and
the patient’s condition [6]. The endoscopic treatment is favored as
the first line approach but there are several conditions which hinder
its execution such as the presence of a biliodigestive anastomosis
or a tight low biliary stenosis [1-3,5,11]. In these cases or when the
endoscopic treatment has already been unsuccessful, there is the
indication for a percutaneous approach [1,3,6,8]. The main advantage
of this procedure is the easily and rapidly available access to the biliary
stricture for external decompression, lavage or contrastographic
control [3,6,7,11]. On the other hand the presence of a percutaneous
catheter is afflicted by common complications such as catheter
dislodgement, catheter infection or bile leak around the tube, and
by the discomfort of a long-lasting indwelling catheter which all
negatively impact the quality of life of the patients [1,3,6,8,9,11].
The connection of a percutaneous internal-external biliary
drainage to a PORT chamber is a newly proposed procedure targeted
to convert a long-lasting indwelling catheter into a totally implanted
subcutaneous device. The reported preliminary result demonstrates
that the procedure was not associated with major complications and
was effective in terms of improvement of the quality of life.
The rate of bile-PORT infection was 11.1% which might represent
the most critical result in the outcome of the device implantation.
As a term of comparison, the rate of catheter-related infections
in long-term central venous access catheters is reported to range
from 0.6 to 27%, depending on the catheter type and location and
the patients’ health status [12]. Immunosuppressed patients with
port systems were found to have a median of 0.2 infections per
1000 catheter-days (range 0–2.7 per 1000 catheter-days) [12] and in
oncologic patients PORT-related infection are reported with a mean
prevalence of 8.7% (range1.3 – 30%) [13].
In our series, the patients who developed the PORT infection
were respectively 3 liver transplanted patients (i.e under
immunosuppressant therapy) and 1 patient with advanced biliary
tract cancer, thus having all an increased risk of developing infectious
complications.
Moreover, the implant of a PORT chamber guaranteed the
possibility of hold the advantages of a percutaneous access to the
biliary tracts: routine washing reduced the risk for infection or
cholelitiasis (thus avoiding the necessity of cyclic substitution of the
catheter) and cholangiographic controls of the stricture were not
hindered by the PORT chamber. All these procedures would have not
been possible for instance with an internalized stent unless with a new
percutaneous puncture.
Additionally to the aforementioned clinical advantages, a crucial
element for the evaluation of the bile-PORT performance was
the effects on the patient's quality of life. In fact nowadays this is
an important clinical task to account in the therapy planning. The
application of a simple QoL questionnaire demonstrated a positive
trend in the physical and psychological well-being of the patients
associated with the implantation of the bile PORT.
The present study shows several limits: the small number of cases,
the necessity to mill the locking system of the PORT in order to fit
the chamber to catheter’s caliber due to the actual unavailability of
a specific for-the-use PORT and the use of a non-validated QoL
questionnaire.
Conclusion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a newly developed technique in the management of biliary stricture by percuaneous biliary drainage. Anyway, more extensive studies of a large study population are necessary. The procedure seems feasible and promising, particularly regarding the positive impact on the patient’s quality of life.
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