Research Article
AVATS: Awake Video Assisted Thoracic Surgery in Complex Thoracic Procedures
Klijian AS1*,Kourajian PD 2and Gibbs MW3
1Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sharp & Scripps Healthcare, USA
2Department of Anesthesia Sharp Grossmont Hospital, USA
3Department of Anesthesia Franciscan Alliance, St. Francis Healthcare, USA
*Corresponding author: Ara S. Klijian, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sharp & Scripps Healthcare, 3131 Berger Ave, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
Published: 14 May 2016
Cite this article as: Klijian AS, Kourajian PD, Gibbs
MW. AVATS: Awake Video Assisted
Thoracic Surgery in Complex Thoracic
Procedures. Clin Surg. 2016; 1: 1006.
Abstract
Background:Traditionally, video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) is performed under general
anesthesia with selective ventilation and endotracheal intubation. In 2014, we published our
experience with awake VATS performed under local anesthesia (AVATS) extending the benefits of
VATS to those unable to tolerate general anesthesia and improve outcomes.
Method:Currently we reviewed a total of 494 AVATS procedures from June 2010 to January 2016,having added 201 new cases performed with AVATS to our original series. We have extended
this technique to include more complex procedures, with results that surpass traditional open
thoracotomies and traditional VATS under general anesthesia.
Results: Procedures such as pleural biopsies, wedge resections, decortications, pleurodesis,lobectomies, bullectomies and pericardial windows were previously reported with the AVATS
technique in our original paper. We have analyzed our additional volume of these procedures
using AVATS and have extended the AVATS technique to repair of esophageal perforations,
bronchopleural fistulae, diaphragmatic laceration and chyle leak.
Conclusion:With proper patient selection and careful preoperative planning AVATS may be safely used to perform even complex thoracic surgery with equal or improved outcomes without compromise in safety.
Keywords: Awake VATS; Local sedation thoracoscopy
Abbreviations
PAVATS: Awake Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery; VATS: Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery; ALS: Average Length of Stay in Hospital
Background
As previously reported by us, it was possible to safely perform a wide range of thoracic
procedures using AVATS with equal or improved outcomes compared to traditional VATS cases
[1]. Using local anesthesia with sedation in VATS surgeries minimizes many risks and lets patients
breathe spontaneously [2]. This allows for operation on patients with low lung function who cannot
tolerate endotracheal intubation or are deemed high risk for general anesthesia surgical procedures
[3]. It is particularly useful in patients whose general condition has deteriorated or is poor [4].
Many studies have already demonstrated several benefits of AVATS including improved
outcomes, shorter operating room/anesthesia time, shorter length of hospital stays and lower costs
[1-5,6]. Preservation of natural killer cell and lymphocyte count and one day after surgery, improved
immune system function allows for more rapid recovery and quicker initiation of chemotherapy in
patients with cancer [7].
Methods
We analyzed 494 patients who underwent awake thoracic surgery from June 2010 to January 2016. We previously reported a single surgeon experience using AVATS for wedge resections, lobectomies, decortications, pleural biopsies, pleurodesis, bullectomies and pericardial windows. We analyzed the additional volume of these cases and have reviewed results of extending the AVATS technique to even more complex thoracic procedures including repair of esophageal perforations, bronchopleural fistulae, diaphragmatic laceration and chyle leak. The procedures followed the guidelines of the internal hospital ethics committees. During the same time period, 265 classic VATS procedures and 134 open thoracotomies were also performed.
Table 1
Results
This series reports an expanded single-surgeon, multi-center
review of the AVATS technique. Institutional ethical approval and
individual informed consent was obtained from all patients prior
to surgery. In total, 494 thoracic surgeries were performed under
local anesthesia with sedation (AVATS) between June 2010 and
January 2016. Patients ranged from eighteen to ninety-one years of
age, with a mean age of 69. No deaths occurred in the series. Of the
494 cases, one hundred thirty four were wedge resections, with an
average length of hospital stay (ALS) of 1.3 days (Table 1). Most of
these wedge resections were performed for diagnosis of small nodules
not amenable for fine needle biopsy, diagnosis of processes such as
pulmonary fibrosis, benign inflammatory/infectious processes, i.e.
fungal masses, and resection of solitary metastatic melanoma or
sarcoma.
Of the 108 decortications performed, all were A2 effusions (>50%
involvement of the hemithorax. Twenty of these were for early phase
empyema, 23 for intermediate phase, and 65 for organized/late phase
empyema. Thirty six of these decortications were Category 3 (>50%
hemithorax involvement with associated pleural peel/thickening and
positive cultures or gram stain, pH, 7.2 and/or pleural glucose >60
mg/dl.) Seventy two of the decortications were Category 4 (associated
with frank pus.) ALS for the 108 decortications (sixteen with
concurrent wedge resection) was 2.1 days. Fifty three pleural biopsies
had an ALS of 1 day.
Eighty nine mechanical and talc pleurodesis for recurrent
effusions were performed with the AVATS technique, 78 of them
malignant, having an ALS of 1.3 days. Eight pericardial windows
were performed, with an ALS of 1.2 days. Eighty four patients had
lobectomies for malignancies (18 left upper lobes, 22 left lower lobes,
18 right upper lobes, 4 right middle lobe, 20 right lower lobes and 2
left lower lobe with lingulectomy), with an ALS of 1.6 days.
Both esophageal perforation repairs were the result of Boerhaave
Syndrome with tears of the left lateral distal esophagus diagnosed
within 6 hours of perforation. Both patients were octogenarians
with severe heart disease with ejection fractions of 18 and 13 percent
respectively. Both also had severe emphysematous COPD with
FEV1 of 0.6 and 0.7 respectively and were septic with hemodynamic
compromise requiring vasopressors. Neither was felt to be suitable
anesthetic risks. One of the patients was not considered a candidate
forstenting due to location/extent of tear, while an attempted stent
by gastroenterology failed in leak control in the other. Both families
wished to pursue aggressive care measure. Both repairs were performed
under local anesthesia with sedation using Dexmedetomidine.
Table 2
Anterolateral thoracoscopic approach with a single working incision
on the anterior chest directly over tear site allowed for suture repair of
tear, pedicle intercostal muscle flap placement to buttress repair and
thorough lavage/decortication of left hemi thorax. Postoperatively,
sepsis resolved in both patients by the second post-operative day with
vasopressors being weaned off. Both had intact normal esophageal
gastrografin/thin barium swallow studies on day 6 and initiated feeds
without problems.
The patient with the diaphragmatic laceration as a result of
trauma was repaired using a similar operative approach with simple
suture repair. The patient with a chyle leak as a result of lymphoma
failed both conservative medical/dietary measures and attempted
thoracic duct embolization while continuing to have persistent high
chest tube output. Preoperative lipophilic dye administration help
locate the leak intraoperatively using AVATS to surgically clip the
thoracic duct at T9 level. Chest tube chylous drainage immediately
resolved and the patient was safely discharged on post-operative day
and resumed chemotherapy.
One of the bronchopleural fistulae was a result of blunt trauma
from a motor vehicle accident, while the other resulted from
necrotizing pneumonia. After initial diagnosis with chest x-ray and
urgent chest tube placement, both had persistent large air leaks. The
location of injury for both was bronchoscopically visualized to be
located in the distal right lower lobe bronchus. AVATS was used to
surgically correct the former via suture ligation and the later with
suture ligation with concurrent wedge resection. Intraoperatively
the patient was asked to cough which help precisely locate the fistula
prior to repair. Both had resolution of air leaks intra-operatively
and chest tubes were successfully removed on second postoperative
day. The patient with the pneumonia received a two week course of
antibiotics via pic line at a skilled nursing facility. Both had normal
one month and six month post-operative chest x-rays demonstrating
full re-expansion.
Of the 494 patients, 82 required a one-day ICU stay. The
remaining 412 patients went to the post-anesthesia care unit then
to a telemetry floor, not requiring the ICU. Comorbidities (Table 2)
included 221 patients with diabetes mellitus, 194 patients with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, 60 with atrial fibrillation, and 228
with hypertension. Twelve patients had chronic liver failure, while 46
had renal failure (38 requiring chronic dialysis.) Many of the patients
had underlying cardiac issues with 129 patients having coronary
artery disease, of which 61 had previous myocardial infarctions with
compromised contractility and suppressed ejection fractions.
After delivery to the operating room, all patients had sedation
using either Dexmedetomidine or Versed with mild narcotic support.
As previously describe, the standard thoracotomy technique was
altered to perform procedures in a modified supine position. In case
emergent intubation would be required, this position would facilitate
control of airway. The positioning of the patient was essentially
supine with a small gel roll placed under the operative side to elevate
the appropriate hemithorax. Incision and trocar placement varied
depending on procedure performed/location of lesion. In general one
single 10 mm. incision was used for the thoracoscope, and alongside
the scope a grasper was placed through the same incision for
manipulation of the lung. Secondary incisions were made based upon
extent of procedure, but usual followed a standard VATS placement
schematic.
Forty eight patients had central venous catheters placed, and
no swan-ganz catheters were used. Arterial catheters were used in
71 of the lobectomies and 21 of the 108 decortications. In totally,
40 Foley urinary catheters were used, all removed within six hours
of completion of the procedure. Of the 246 patients who had a lung
resection, 203 had extremely poor pulmonary function with forced
expiratory volumes 1 second less than 0.8 (FEV1<0.8). One patient had FEV1= 0.58. Thoracoscopic procedures were then performed.
Any site that had a resection had application of Progel lung sealant
applied. Prior to closure, a 28 French chest tube was placed. Postoperatively,
the average chest tube duration was 1.1 days, ranging
from 6 hours to 3.5 days.
There were no deaths in the series. Overall, only thirty one
complications were seen in the series. There were twenty two atrial
fibrillationsin the lung resection patients and eight from decortication
patients. One patient had intravenous site phlebitis. No patients had
strokes or acute or delayed pneumothorax and there were no deep
venous thrombosis, pulmonary emboli, urinary tract infections,
pneumothoracies, pneumonia or readmission with 72month followup.
We did not convert any patients to general anesthesia or intubate
them during or after the procedures.
All patients were satisfactorily treated post-operatively with
oral pain medication (Tylenol with Codeine) after one or two doses
of intravenous morphine (2mg every 2 hours).Two hundred eighty
six patients received intravenous or oral ketoralac. General patient
satisfaction was high, with 97% of patients reporting a comfort index
≤ 1 on a scale of 0-10 with 0 being no pain and 10 being extreme pain.
Three percent of patients reported a comfort index of 3-4.
Discussion
AVATS has been demonstrated to be a safe option for thoracic
procedures with results rivalling and often exceeding thoracotomy
or traditional VATS. Pleural procedures, wedge resections and
lobectomies have been performed via AVATS with good results
but there has been a paucity of reports regarding AVATS for
more complex procedures [1-8,9]. We have shown previously how
AVATS allows surgery to be a viable option in patients with severely
compromised cardiopulmonary status who would otherwise be
deemed inoperable from a general anesthetic risk [1-10]. Using
careful preoperative planning helps determine the appropriate
surgical approach and meticulous surgical technique, supplemented with Progel lung sealant application reduced air leak occurrence and
duration of air leaks remained <24 hours, with nearly all resolving inunder 10 hours.
Reported mortality rates in patients with malignancy or poor
cardiopulmonary status are often shown to be highest and these
patients may benefit most from the AVATS approach [1-10,11]. More
experience with VATS techniques and better instrumentation help to
optimize results.
Conclusions
We have extended our experience with AVATS in a variety of thoracic surgical cases with results comparable, if not better, than cases done under general anesthesia. Necessary equipment, personnel and patient positioning remains crucial before beginning the procedure in the event that emergent intubation is required. By eliminating the use of a general anesthetic, endotracheal intubation and single lung ventilation we shortened average hospital stay, provided quicker patient recovery, improved patient and referring physician satisfaction and presumably obtained cost savings. We have also been able to streamline the use of adjunctive central line, arterial catheter, and urinary catheter use helping to shorten total operating room time, while concurrently minimizing the risk of line related infections. With careful patient selection, detailed preoperative planning and calm, meticulous operative approach allows using the AVATS technique in even more complex thoracic cases.
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